Uchale : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

Content deleted Content added
kuanzisha makala
 
No edit summary
 
Mstari 1:
[[Picha:Thomas Heazle Parke 001.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Heazle Parke]] akichanjiana na Mwafrika]]
'''Uchale''' (pia '''undugu wa uchale''' au '''undugu wa kuchanjiana''') ni [[undugu]] unaofanywa kati ya [[watu]] wawili ambao hawana undugu wa kuzaliwa kwa kuchanjiana [[damu]].
'''Uchale''' (pia '''undugu wa uchale''' au '''undugu wa kuchanjiana''') ni [[undugu]] unaofanywa kati ya watu wawili ambao hawana undugu wa kuzaliwa kwa kuchanjiana damu. [[Mviga]] wa uchale na sababu zake hutofautiana kulingana na mila na tamaduni ya watu wanaofanya undugu<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Luise|date=1994/07|title=Blood brotherhood revisited: kinship, relationship, and the body in East and Central Africa|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/blood-brotherhood-revisited-kinship-relationship-and-the-body-in-east-and-central-africa/5A27F7182C5DFEC0222E1404667204F9|journal=Africa|language=en|volume=64|issue=3|pages=359–372|doi=10.2307/1160786|issn=1750-0184}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=YQYolAEACAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions|title=Blood-Brotherhood: And Other Rites of Male Alliance|last=Donovan|first=Jack|last2=Miller|first2=Nathan F.|date=2012-12|publisher=Dissonant Hum|isbn=9780985452322|language=en}}</ref>.
 
'''Uchale''' (pia '''undugu wa uchale''' au '''undugu wa kuchanjiana''') ni [[undugu]] unaofanywa kati ya watu wawili ambao hawana undugu wa kuzaliwa kwa kuchanjiana damu. [[Mviga]] wa uchale na sababu zake hutofautiana kulingana na [[mila]] na [[tamaduni]] yaza watu wanaofanya undugu namna hiyo<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Luise|date=1994/07|title=Blood brotherhood revisited: kinship, relationship, and the body in East and Central Africa|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/blood-brotherhood-revisited-kinship-relationship-and-the-body-in-east-and-central-africa/5A27F7182C5DFEC0222E1404667204F9|journal=Africa|language=en|volume=64|issue=3|pages=359–372|doi=10.2307/1160786|issn=1750-0184}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=YQYolAEACAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions|title=Blood-Brotherhood: And Other Rites of Male Alliance|last=Donovan|first=Jack|last2=Miller|first2=Nathan F.|date=2012-12|publisher=Dissonant Hum|isbn=9780985452322|language=en}}</ref>.
Leo, uchale hufanyika katika [[Genge (uhalifu)|magenge]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Aryan Brotherhood|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/aryan-brotherhood|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|language=en|access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref> na baadhi ya vikundi vya uhamasishaji<ref name=":1" />. Kuchanjiana damu kunaweza kueneza maradhi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Isik|first=Memet|last2=Set|first2=Turan|last3=Sattar Khan|first3=Abdul|last4=Avsar|first4=Ummu Zeynep|last5=Cansever|first5=Zeliha|last6=Acemoglu|first6=Hamit|date=2013-6|title=Prevalence of Blood Brotherhood among High School Students in Erzurum and the Effect of Peer-led Education on this Practice|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4261492/|journal=The Eurasian Journal of Medicine|volume=45|issue=2|pages=83–87|doi=10.5152/eajm.2013.16|issn=1308-8734|pmc=PMC4261492|pmid=25610258}}</ref>.
 
Leo, uchale hufanyika katika [[Genge (uhalifu)|magenge]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Aryan Brotherhood|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/aryan-brotherhood|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|language=en|access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref> na baadhi ya vikundi vya uhamasishaji<ref name=":1" />.
 
Leo, uchale hufanyika katika [[Genge (uhalifu)|magenge]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Aryan Brotherhood|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/aryan-brotherhood|work=Southern Poverty Law Center|language=en|access-date=2018-10-06}}</ref> na baadhi ya vikundi vya uhamasishaji<ref name=":1" />. Kuchanjiana damu kunaweza kueneza [[maradhi]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Isik|first=Memet|last2=Set|first2=Turan|last3=Sattar Khan|first3=Abdul|last4=Avsar|first4=Ummu Zeynep|last5=Cansever|first5=Zeliha|last6=Acemoglu|first6=Hamit|date=2013-6|title=Prevalence of Blood Brotherhood among High School Students in Erzurum and the Effect of Peer-led Education on this Practice|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4261492/|journal=The Eurasian Journal of Medicine|volume=45|issue=2|pages=83–87|doi=10.5152/eajm.2013.16|issn=1308-8734|pmc=PMC4261492|pmid=25610258}}</ref>.
 
== Utamaduni ==
Katika [[jamii]] za [[Waafrika]] ambako uchale ulifanyika, ulitumika kama [[mkataba]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=-0mLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=pre-colonia+blood+brotherhood+in+africa&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_iqD_uvHdAhUKhxoKHYmJAssQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=pre-colonia%20blood%20brotherhood%20in%20africa&f=false|title=Indigenous Peoples, Title to Territory, Rights and Resources: The Transformative Role of Free Prior and Informed Consent|last=Doyle|first=Cathal M.|date=2014-11-20|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781317703181|location=|pages=17|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=y1p61xARWY4C&pg=PA278&lpg=PA278&dq=pre-colonia+blood+brotherhood+in+africa&source=bl&ots=byJmsThJWn&sig=q1cw5mxLO-OXzZ63LWwk4vKW5RI&hl=en&sa=X#v=onepage&q=pre-colonia%20blood%20brotherhood%20in%20africa&f=false|title=A History of the Church in Africa|last=Sundkler|first=Bengt|last2=Steed|first2=Christopher|date=2000-05-04|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=|isbn=9780521583428|location=|pages=278|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=XGHzYVu3nGsC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=pre-colonia+blood+brotherhood+in+africa&source=bl&ots=P_ect_E4J3&sig=Q4jam4NfpxkjpDFdC37fBd-c9e4&hl=sw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlouuivvHdAhVRzIUKHWDGCRA4ChDoATACegQIAhAB#v=onepage&q=pre-colonia%20blood%20brotherhood%20in%20africa&f=false|title=Cultivating Success in Uganda: Kigezi Farmers & Colonial Policies|last=Carswell|first=Grace|date=2007|publisher=James Currey|year=|isbn=9781847016010|location=|pages=38|language=en}}</ref> au njia ya kuanzisha uhusiano<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=mSjYrlOYIfYC&pg=PA344&dq=blood+brotherhood+among+kikuyu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqvq7FyvHdAhVFXhoKHVDuCJIQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=blood%20brotherhood%20among%20kikuyu&f=false|title=The Living Races of Mankind|last=Hutchinson|first=Henry Neville|last2=Gregory|first2=John Walter|last3=Lydekker|first3=Richard|date=1985|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=344|language=en}}</ref> kati ya wanaume wawili au jamii<ref name=":2" />. Undugu wa aina hii haungevunjika ovyo. Kutoheshimu ndugu wa uchale, kuliaminika kuwa na [[adhabu]] ya [[Mungu|kiungu]]<ref name=":0" />.

Sababu za kufanya undugu huo zilihusiana [[wanaume]] kutaka kulinda [[mali]] na kutaka kuhakikisha [[heshima]] baina ya ndugu. Kwa mfano, katika jamii za watu wa [[Wilaya ya Kigezi|Kigezi]], [[Uganda]], wanaume waliingia katika uchale ili waweze kupitia njia za [[biashara]] kwa [[usalama]]<ref name=":3" />. [[chifu|Machifu]] wa jamii za [[Watio]] na [[Wabhobangi]] walichanjiana ili washirikiane katika raslimali za [[Mto Kongo]]<ref name=":2" />. Katika jamii ya [[Wakikuyu]], watu ambao hawakuwa Wakikuyu hawakukubalika hadi wakati mviga wa uchale ungefanyikaufanyike<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=XpsrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97&dq=blood+brotherhood+among+kikuyu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqvq7FyvHdAhVFXhoKHVDuCJIQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=blood%20brotherhood%20among%20kikuyu&f=false|title=King of the Wa-Kikuyu: A True Story of Travel and Adventure in Africa|last=Bulpett|first=C. W. L.|date=2012-11-12|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781136249051|location=|pages=97-99|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" />.
 
== Marejeo ==
<references />
{{mbegu-utamaduni}}
[[Jamii:Utamaduni]]
[[Jamii:Utamaduni wa Afrika]]