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Mamluki : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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Mstari 1:
[[Picha:Mad Mike Hoare - 1981.jpg|thumb|Mike Hoare, aliyekuwa mamluki katika Mgogoromgogoro wa kwanza wa [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Kongo]].]]
'''Mamluki''' ni [[askari]] aliyekodiwa ambaye hayuko katika kikosi cha [[jeshi]] la nchi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/ART/470-750057?OpenDocument|title=Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol 1), Article 47|accessdate=20 Apr 2018|website=International Committee of the Red Cross}}</ref> Mamluki hushiriki katika [[vita]] kwa ajili ya [[pesa]] au malipo mengine badala ya [[siasa]] au [[uzalendo]].  
 
== Historia ==
Mstari 7:
 
==== Afrika Ya Kale ====
Katika [[Misri ya Kale]], [[Ramesses II]] aliwatumia mamluki 11,000 katika vita. ''Medjay'', [[wanajeshi]] wa kukodiwa kutoka [[Nubia]], walihudumu pamoja na jeshi la [[Misri]] wakati wa [[Ufalme wa Kale wa Misri]] hadi [[Ufalme UpyaMpya wa Misri]]. Wapiganaji wengine walioajiriwa kutoka nje ya mipaka ya Misri ni pamoja na vikosi vya [[Libya|Walibya]], [[Syria|Wasiria]] na [[Kanaani|WakananiWakanaani]] wakati wa Ufalme UpyaMpya na [[Washardana]] kutoka [[Sardinia]] ambao huonekana na [[helmeti]] maalum katika [[michoro]], kama [[walinzi]] wa Ramesses II.<ref>Healy, Mark; ''New Kingdom Egypt''; </ref> Watawala Wagiriki wa [[Misri ya Ptolemaio]], walitumia mamluki [[Wakelti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/CELTS/2004-02/1077679998|title=Rootsweb: Celts in Egypt|date=24 February 2004|publisher=Archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com|accessdate=17 October 2011}}</ref>

[[Mji]] wa [[Karthago]] ilitegemea(leo mamlukinchini kupigana[[Tunisia]]) ulitegemea mamluki katika vita vyake.
 
==== Karne ya 19 na 20 ====
[[Picha:Burnham_in_africa_close_up.jpg|right|thumb|[[Frederick Russell Burnham]] katika Afrika.]]
 
===== Mgogoro Wa Kongo =====
[[Picha:Dragonrouge2.jpg|thumb|Mamluki wazunguWazungu wakipigana bega kwa bega na vikosi vya Wakongo, mwaka 1964]]
[[Mgogoro wa Kongo]] wa [[mwaka|miaka]] [[1960]]-[[1965]] ulikuwa kipindi cha machafuko katika [[Jamhuri ya Kwanza ya Kongo]] ambayo iliundwa kwa kupewa [[uhuru]] na [[Ubelgiji]] na ikakatizwa baada ya [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Joseph Mobutu]] kuchukua [[madaraka]] ya nchi kwa [[mabavu]]. Katika kipindi hicho, mamluki walitumiwa na baadhi ya vikundi katika mgogoro na wakati mwingine, walitumiwa na [[Walinzi wa amani wa UM]].
 
Katika miaka ya 1960 na [[1961]], [[Mike Hoare]] alikuwa mamluki aliyekuwa akiongoza kitengo cha wanajeshi waliokuwa wakiongea [[Kiingereza]], kilichokuwa kikiitwa "''4 Commando''", kilichokuwa [[Katanga]], [[mkoa]] ambao ulikuwa unajaribu kujitenga na Kongo ili uwe [[nchi huru]] chini ya [[uongozi]] wa [[Moïse Tshombe|Moise Tshombe]]. Hoare aliandika matukio hayo katika [[kitabu]] chake, ''Road to Kalamata''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244068905|title=The road to Kalamata : a Congo mercenary's personal memoir|last=Mike.|first=Hoare,|date=2008|publisher=Paladin Press|isbn=9781581606416|edition=Paladin ed|location=Boulder, Colo.|oclc=244068905}}</ref>▼
 
Katika mwaka wa [[1964]] Tshombe (aliyekuwa [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa Kongo) alimwajiri [[Meja]] Hoare aongoze kitengo cha kijeshi kilichokuwa kikiitwa "''5 Commando''", kilichokuwa na wapiganaji 300, ambao wengi ambaowao walikuwa wametoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Lengo la 5 Commando lilikuwa kupigana na kikundi cha waasi, kilichokuwa kikiitwa Simba, ambacho kilikuwa kimetwaa karibu [[thuluthi]] [[mbili]] yaza nchi.▼
▲Katika miaka ya 1960 na 1961, [[Mike Hoare]] alikuwa mamluki aliyekuwa akiongoza kitengo cha wanajeshi waliokuwa wakiongea Kiingereza, kilichokuwa kikiitwa "''4 Commando''", kilichokuwa [[Katanga]], mkoa ambao ulikuwa unajaribu kujitenga na Kongo ili uwe nchi huru chini ya uongozi wa [[Moïse Tshombe|Moise Tshombe]]. Hoare aliandika matukio hayo katika kitabu chake, ''Road to Kalamata''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244068905|title=The road to Kalamata : a Congo mercenary's personal memoir|last=Mike.|first=Hoare,|date=2008|publisher=Paladin Press|isbn=9781581606416|edition=Paladin ed|location=Boulder, Colo.|oclc=244068905}}</ref>
 
Katika [[Operation Dragon Rouge|''Operesheni Dragon Rouge'']], ''5 Commando'' walishirikiana na wanajeshi [[Wabelgiji]], [[rubani|marubani]] kutoka [[Kuba]] waliokuwa mahamishoniuhamishoni, na mamluki waliokuwa wameajiriwa na [[CIA]]. Lengo la ''Operesheni Dragon Rouge'' lilikuwa kutwaa [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]] na kuokoa [[mia|mamia]] ya [[raia]] (hasa [[Wazungu]] na [[Mmisionari|wamisionari]]) ambao walikuwa mateka wa waasi wa Simba. [[Operesheni]] hiyo iliokoa maisha[[uhai]] yawa watu wengi;<ref>{{cite news|title=Changing Guard|work=Time Magazine|date=19 December 1965|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834782,00.html?promoid=googlep|accessdate=6 June 2007}}</ref> hata hivyo, ilimchafulia sifa [[Moïse Tshombe|Moise Tshombe]] kwa kuwa iliwarudisha mamluki wazunguWazungu katika Kongo tu baada ya uhuru wa nchi. Ilikuwa mojawapo ya sababu za Tshombe kukosa msaada kutoka [[rais]] wa Kongo, [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]], ambaye alimpiga [[kalamu]].▼
▲Katika mwaka wa 1964 Tshombe (aliyekuwa [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa Kongo) alimwajiri Meja Hoare aongoze kitengo cha kijeshi kilichokuwa kikiitwa "''5 Commando''", kilichokuwa na wapiganaji 300, wengi ambao walikuwa wametoka [[Afrika Kusini]]. Lengo la 5 Commando lilikuwa kupigana na kikundi cha waasi, kilichokuwa kikiitwa Simba, ambacho kilikuwa kimetwaa karibu thuluthi mbili ya nchi.
 
Wakati huo huo, [[Bob Denard]] aliongoza "''6 Commando''" na [[Jean Schramme|"Black Jack" Schramme]] aliamuru "10 Commando" na [[William "Rip" Robertson]] aliongoza kikosi cha Wakuba waliokuwa mahamishoniuhamishoni.<ref>p.85 Villafaña, Frank ''Cold war in the Congo: The Confrontation of Cuban military forces, 1960–1967'' Transaction Books</ref>▼
▲Katika [[Operation Dragon Rouge|''Operesheni Dragon Rouge'']], ''5 Commando'' walishirikiana na wanajeshi Wabelgiji, marubani kutoka [[Kuba]] waliokuwa mahamishoni, na mamluki waliokuwa wameajiriwa na [[CIA]]. Lengo la ''Operesheni Dragon Rouge'' lilikuwa kutwaa [[Kisangani|Stanleyville]] na kuokoa mamia ya raia (hasa Wazungu na [[Mmisionari|wamisionari]]) ambao walikuwa mateka wa waasi wa Simba. Operesheni hiyo iliokoa maisha ya watu wengi;<ref>{{cite news|title=Changing Guard|work=Time Magazine|date=19 December 1965|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834782,00.html?promoid=googlep|accessdate=6 June 2007}}</ref> hata hivyo, ilimchafulia sifa [[Moïse Tshombe|Moise Tshombe]] kwa kuwa iliwarudisha mamluki wazungu katika Kongo tu baada ya uhuru wa nchi. Ilikuwa mojawapo ya sababu za Tshombe kukosa msaada kutoka rais wa Kongo, [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]], ambaye alimpiga kalamu.
 
▲Wakati huo huo, Bob Denard aliongoza "''6 Commando''" na [[Jean Schramme|"Black Jack" Schramme]] aliamuru "10 Commando" na [[William "Rip" Robertson]] aliongoza kikosi cha Wakuba waliokuwa mahamishoni.<ref>p.85 Villafaña, Frank ''Cold war in the Congo: The Confrontation of Cuban military forces, 1960–1967'' Transaction Books</ref>
===== Biafra =====
Mamluki walitumiwa kupigana katika [[vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] [[Nijeria]], mwakamiaka [[1967]]-[[1970]].<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,900387-1,00.html The Mercenaries] in ''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Magazine Time Magazine]'' 25 October 1968</ref> Wengine walitumiwa kuendesha [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]] kwa niaba ya [[Biafra|Wabiafra]]. Kwa mfano, [[Oktoba]] mwaka [[1966]],  ndege aina DC-4M Argonaut ya shirika la ndege la [[Burundi]] lililokuwa likiendeshwa na mamluki [[Heinrich Wartski]], aliyejulikana pia kama [[Henry Wharton]], lilianguka [[Kameruni]] likiwa na [[bidhaa]] za kijeshi zililzokuwazilizokuwa zikipelekwa [[Biafra]].<ref>Tom Cooper ''[http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_351.shtml Civil War in Nigeria (Biafra), 1967–1970]'' 13 November 2003. Second paragraph.</ref>
 
[[Mei]] mwaka [[1969]], [[Carl Gustaf von Rosen]] aliunda kikosi cha ndege [[tano]] zilizokuwa zinajulikana kama ''Watoto wa Biafra (ing: Babies of Biafra)'' zilizoshambulia na kuharibu ndege za Nijeria<ref name="GB-2004">Gary Brecher. [http://old.exile.ru/2004-October-15/war_nerd.html Biafra: Killer Cessnas and Crazy Swedes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114042126/http://old.exile.ru/2004-October-15/war_nerd.html|date=14 January 2008}} 15 October 2004.</ref> na zikasambazakusambaza msaada wa [[chakula]]. 
 
===== Eritrea na Ethiopia =====
Nchi zote mbili ziliajiri mamluki katika [[Vita vya Eritrea na Ethiopia]] vilivyokuwa kati ya mwaka [[1998]] hadi [[2000]]. Iliaminiwa kuwa mamluki kutoka [[Urusi]] walikuwa wakiendesha [[ndege za kivita]] za pande zote mbili.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sentinel Security Assessment - North Africa, Air force (Eritrea), Air force|publisher=Jane's Information Group|date=26 October 2011}}</ref><ref>''Africa News Online'': "In defiance, Eritrea was born; in defiance, it will live forever." 30 May 2000.</ref>
== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Jamii:Jeshi]]
[[Jamii:Vita]]
[[Jamii:Kazi]]
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