Waarabu : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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Mstari 16:
Kihistoria Waarabu walitajwa mara ya kwanza mara ya kwanza wakati wa [[karne ya 9 KK]] kama makabila kwenye mashariki na kusini mwa [[Syria]] na kaskazini mwa Bara Arabu. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cRrGQ8bIAkC|title=The Ituraeans and the Roman Near East: Reassessing the Sources|last=Myers|first=E. A.|date=11 February 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-48481-7|page=18}}</ref> Waarabu wanaonekana walikuwa chini ya wafalme wa [[Ashuru|Milki ya Ashuru]] (911-612 KK), na baadaye chini ya [[Babeli|Milki ya Babeli]] iliyofuata (626-539 KK), [[Uajemi ya Kale#Waakhameni|Waakhemi]] (539-332 KK), Seleukidi na Waparthi. Katika karne ya 3 KK Waarabu wa Nabatea waliunda ufalme wao karibu na [[Petra]] katika Yordani ya leo. Makabila ya Kiarabu kama Waghassanidi na Walakhmidi huanza kuonekana katika jangwa la Syria Kusini kuanzia katikati ya [[Karne ya 3 KK|karne ya 3 BK]] wakiunda milki zao zilizoshirikiana na [[Dola la Roma]] na Wasasani. Hadi karne ya 7 sehemu ya Waarabu hasa wa magharibi mwa eneo lao walikuwa Wakristo, wengine pia Wayahudi.
 
Baada ya Muhamad, [[Khalifa#Makhalifa wanne wa kwanza|makhalifa wa kwanza]] (632-661 BK) waliunganisha Waarabu wote chini ya utawala wao. wakaendelea kuvamia milki jirani za Dola la Roma na Uajemi ya Wasasani. Kote walianza kutumia [[Kiarabu|lugha ya Kiarabu]] kama lugha ya utawala. Makabila mengi kutoka Bara Arabu yalianza kuhamia katika nchi zilizovamiwa katika hiyo milki kubwa ya Kiislamu iliyoenea kutoka [[Moroko]] na [[Hispania]] upande wa maghararibi hadi mipaka ya [[China]] na [[Uhindi]] upande wa mashariki.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A history of the Arab peoples|last=Ruthven|first=Albert Hourani; with a new afterword by Malise|date=2010|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05819-4|edition=1st Harvard Press pbk.|location=Cambridge, Mass.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=IVyMAvW9slYC&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Islam: The Religion and the People|last=Bernard Ellis Lewis|last2=Buntzie Ellis Churchill|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|page=137|quote=At the time of the Prophet's birth and mission, the Arabic language was more or less confined to Arabia, a land of deserts, sprinkled with oases. Surrounding it on land on every side were the two rival empires of Persia and Byzantium. The countries of what now make up the Arab world were divided between the two of them—Iraq under Persian rule, Syria, Palestine, and North Africa part of the Byzantine Empire. They spoke a variety of different languages and were for the most part Christians, with some Jewish minorities. Their Arabization and Islamization took place with the vast expansion of Islam in the decades and centuries following the death of the Prophet in 632 CE. The Aramaic language, once dominant in the Fertile Crescent, survives in only a few remote villages and in the rituals of the Eastern churches. Coptic, the language of Christian Egypt before the Arab conquest, has been entirely replaced by Arabic except in the church liturgy. Some earlier languages have survived, notably Kurdish in Southwest Asia and Berber in North Africa, but Arabic, in one form or another, has in effect become the language of everyday speech as well as of government, commerce and culture in what has come to be known as "the Arab world."|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> Katika karne zilofuata, wakazi wengi wa maeneo hayo walianza kuwa Waislamu na kutumia Kiarabu kama lugha ya kidini na ya kielimu; hasa katika sehemu kubwa ya Afrika Kaskazini pamoja na Misri na katika nchi za Asia Magharibi (hasa nchi za leo Syria, Lebanoni, Iraki) wenyeji wengi walianza kutumia Kiarabu kama lugha yao na hivyo kuitwa Waarabu.
 
Kwa karne nyingi Waarabu hao walitawaliwa na [[Milki ya Osmani]]<ref>"[http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/ottoman-empire/arab-revolt The Arab Revolt, 1916-18 | The Ottoman Empire]." ''New Zealand History''. [[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]. 30 July 2014.</ref> . Baada ya [[Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] (1914-1918) milki hiyo ilivunjwa na kugawiwa kwa maeneo ya nchi za Kiarabu za leo<ref>{{Cite book|title=Frontiers of the state in the late Ottoman Empire : Transjordan, 1850–1921|last=Rogan, Eugene L.|date=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89223-0|oclc=826413749}}</ref> ambazo kwa muda mfupi zilitawaliwa bado kama koloni au [[nchi lindwa]] chini ya Uingereza na Ufaransa.
Mstari 30:
Wakati wa kuzaliwa kwa [[Muhammad|Mtume Muhamad]] lugha ya Kiarabu ilitumika Uarabuni tu, nchi ya [[jangwa]] na [[oasisi]]. Kutoka hapa makabila ya Waarabu Waislamu walivamia nchi jirani ambako wenyeji walitumia lugha mbalimbali. Lugha kadhaa zimeendelea kwa viwango vidogo, vingine vimebaki na nguvu zaidi. [[Kiaramu|Lugha ya Kiaramu]] iliyowahi kutamalaki katika siasa na uchumi kuanzia Syria hadi Uajemi na zaidi, imebaki kati watu wa vijiji katika maeneo ya kaskazini ya Syria na Iraki, pia kama lugha ya [[liturgia]] kanisani. [[Wakopti|Kikopti]] iliyokuwa lugha ya Misri imebaki pekee katika liturgia ya kanisa ilhali Wakristo Wakopti wanaongea Kiarabu tu. [[Tamazight|Kiberber]] bado inazungumzwa na milioni kadhaa katika Moroko na [[Algeria]]. [[Kikurdi]] ina nguvu katika milima ya Syria na Iraki kaskazini. [[Kiajemi]] (lugha ya Iran) kimefaulu kurudi kama lugha ya kitaifa lakini imepokea karibu asilimia 40 za msamiati wake kutoka Kiarabu; atahri kubwa ya lugha ya Kiarabu inaonekana pia katika lugha nyingine nyingi hadi [[Kiswahili]].
 
Katika nchi zinazoitwa Kiarabu, lugha ya Kiarabu imekuwa lugha ya kila siku ya kuongea na pia ya serikali, biashara na utamaduni hata kwa hao ambao bado wmetunza lugha nyingine kama lugha yao ya kwanza<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=IVyMAvW9slYC&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Islam: The Religion and the People|last=Bernard Ellis Lewis|last2=Buntzie Ellis Churchill|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|page=137|quote=At the time of the Prophet's birth and mission, the Arabic language was more or less confined to Arabia, a land of deserts, sprinkled with oases. Surrounding it on land on every side were the two rival empires of Persia and Byzantium. The countries of what now make up the Arab world were divided between the two of them—Iraq under Persian rule, Syria, Palestine, and North Africa part of the Byzantine Empire. They spoke a variety of different languages and were for the most part Christians, with some Jewish minorities. Their Arabization and Islamization took place with the vast expansion of Islam in the decades and centuries following the death of the Prophet in 632 CE. The Aramaic language, once dominant in the Fertile Crescent, survives in only a few remote villages and in the rituals of the Eastern churches. Coptic, the language of Christian Egypt before the Arab conquest, has been entirely replaced by Arabic except in the church liturgy. Some earlier languages have survived, notably Kurdish in Southwest Asia and Berber in North Africa, but Arabic, in one form or another, has in effect become the language of everyday speech as well as of government, commerce and culture in what has come to be known as "the Arab world."|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>.
Katika nchi zinazoitwa Kiarabu, lugha ya Kiarabu imekuwa lugha ya kila siku ya kuongea na pia ya serikali, biashara na utamaduni hata kwa hao ambao bado wmetunza lugha nyingine kama lugha yao ya kwanza.
 
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