ARPANET : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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kama msimamizi wa programu . Roberts ndiye alikuwa akitoa mbinu na namna ya kuunda mifumo ya kimtandao.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hafner|first=Katie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/30/obituaries/lawrence-g-roberts-dies-at-81.html|title=Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet's Precursor, Dies at 81|date=2018-12-30|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-02-20|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|quote=He decided to use packet switching as the underlying technology of the Arpanet; it remains central to the function of the internet. And it was Dr. Roberts’s decision to build a network that distributed control of the network across multiple computers. Distributed networking remains another foundation of today’s internet.}}</ref> Alijaribu kuzitumia mbinu za [[Donald Davies]]’ katika kupelekea kufanyika uzinduzi wa ubadilishaji wa pakiti ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.computer.org/pioneers/davies.html|title=Computer Pioneers - Donald W. Davies|website=IEEE Computer Society|access-date=2020-02-20|quote=In 1965, Davies pioneered new concepts for computer communications in a form to which he gave the name "packet switching." ... The design of the ARPA network (ArpaNet) was entirely changed to adopt this technique.|postscript=none}}; {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/|title=A Flaw In The Design|date=May 30, 2015|work=The Washington Post|quote=The Internet was born of a big idea: Messages could be chopped into chunks, sent through a network in a series of transmissions, then reassembled by destination computers quickly and efficiently. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran. ... The most important institutional force ... was the Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ... as ARPA began work on a groundbreaking computer network, the agency recruited scientists affiliated with the nation’s top universities.}}</ref> na alitumia mbinu za uingizaji kutoka kwa [[Paul Baran]].<ref name="Abbate20003">{{cite book|last1=Abbate|first1=Janet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BfZxFZpElwC&pg=PA37|title=Inventing the Internet|date=2000|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=39, 57–58|quote=Baran proposed a "distributed adaptive message-block network" [in the early 1960s] ... Roberts recruited Baran to advise the ARPANET planning group on distributed communications and packet switching. ... Roberts awarded a contract to Leonard Kleinrock of UCLA to create theoretical models of the network and to analyze its actual performance.}}</ref> ARPA ilimpa mkataba wa utengenezwaji wa mfumo wa mtandao kwa [[Bolt Beranek & Newman]] ambaye alikuja kutengeneza,kwa mara ya kwanza [[protokali ya mawasiliano]] kwenye mitandao .<ref name=":2A">{{cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Dr. Lawrence G.|date=November 1978|title=The Evolution of Packet Switching|url=http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf|journal=IEEE Invited Paper|access-date=September 10, 2017|quote=Significant aspects of the network’s internal operation, such as routing, flow control, software design, and network control were developed by a BBN team consisting of Frank Heart, Robert Kahn, Severo Omstein, William Crowther, and David Walden|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092936/http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf|archive-date=31 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Roberts alimhusisha [[Leonard Kleinrock]] kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu Cha Carlifonia]] katika kuunda mfumo wa kimahesabu wa kuorodhesha teknolojia ya mtandao wa pakiti.<ref name="Abbate20003" />
 
[[Kompyuta]] za mara ya kwanza kabisa kuunganishwa,ziliunganishwa mnamo mwaka [[1969]] na programu ya kudhibiti mtandao na hivyo kuanza kufanya kazi rasmi mnamo [[1970]] .<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Bidgoli|first=Hossein|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZ9srwU_9xMC&q=ARPANET&pg=PA118|title=The Internet Encyclopedia, Volume 2 (G - O)|date=2004-05-11|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-471-68996-6|pages=39|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite book|first1=K. G.|last1=Coffman|first2=A. M.|last2=Odlyzco|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXhWJcsO134C&q=ARPANET&pg=PA29|title=Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV-B: Systems and Impairments|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|date=2002|chapter=Growth of the Internet|isbn=978-0123951731|editor-first1=I.|editor-last1=Kaminow|editor-first2=T.|editor-last2=Li|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> Uzinduzi na maendeleo ya programu ulipelekea [[Utawala wa mbali]], [[uhamisho wa faili]] na [[barua pepe]].<ref name=":5">{{cite book|first=L. A.|last=Lievrouw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ3ktyGA0rwC&q=ARPANET&pg=PA253|title=Handbook of New Media: Student Edition|page=253|editor-first1=L. A.|editor-last1=Lievrouw|editor-first2=S. M.|editor-last2=Livingstone|publisher=[[Sage Publications|SAGE]]|date=2006|isbn=1412918731|access-date=15 August 2015}}</ref> Mfumo huu ulianza kukuwa kwa haraka sana na hivyo kutajwa kuwa unafanya kazi vizuri 1975 pindi kampuni hiyo ya udhibiti kuipitsha kwa shirika la masuala ya kiulinzi lijulikanalo kama [[Defense Information Systems Agency#Defense Communications Agency|Defense Communications Agency]].
 
==Marejeo==