Ukawsaw Gronniosaw : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

'''Ukawsaw Gronniosaw''' (mwaka 1705 - 28 Septemba 1775) <ref>{{Citation|title=Chester Chronicle|date=2021-03-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester_Chronicle&oldid=1010615323|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|last=author|first=Unknown authorUnknown|title=English: Death notice of Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, The Chester Chronicle, Monday 2 October 1775. Published in Chester, England.|date=1775-10-02|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Chester_Chronicle,_Monday_2_October,_1775_Gronniosaw_death_notice.jpg|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref>, pia anajulikana kama James Albert, alikuwa mtumwa na anachukuliwa kuwa ni Mwafrika wa kwanza kuchapishwa nchini Uingereza. Gronniosaw anafahamika kwa wasifu wake wa hadithi ya 1772 Simulizi ya Maelezo ya kushangaza katika Maisha ya James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, Mfalme wa Kiafrika, kama Anavyohusiana na Yeye mwenyewe na ambavyo ni hadithi ya kwanza ya mtumwa iliyochapishwa nchini England. Wasifu/historia yake ilisimulia maisha yake ya awali katika Nigeria ya leo, na nyakati za baadaye katika utumwa na baada ya utumwa.

 

Gronniosaw alizaliwa huko Bornu (kwa sasa ni kaskazini-mashariki mwa Nigeria) mnamo 1705. Alisema kwamba alipigiwa kura kama mjukuu wa mfalme wa Zaara. Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 15, alichukuliwa na mfanyabiashara wa pembe za ndovu wa Gold Coast na kuuzwa kwa nahodha wa Uholanzi kwa yadi mbili za kitambaa cha hundi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYgRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA364|title=African American Lives|last=Gates|first=Henry Louis|last2=Jr|first2=Henry Louis Gates|last3=Higginbotham|first3=Evelyn Brooks|last4=Jr|first4=W. E. B. DuBois Professor of Humanities Chair of Afro-American Studies and Director of the W. E. B. DuBois Institute for for Afro-American Research Henry Louis Gates|last5=Higginbotham|first5=Victor S. Thomas Professor of History and of African and African American Studies Evelyn Brooks|date=2004-04-29|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-516024-6|language=en}}</ref> Alinunuliwa na Mmarekani huko Barbados, ambaye alimpeleka New York na kumuuza tena kwa waziri wa Kalivini, Theodorus Frelinghuysen, anayeishi New Jersey.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYgRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA364|title=African American Lives|last=Gates|first=Henry Louis|last2=Jr|first2=Henry Louis Gates|last3=Higginbotham|first3=Evelyn Brooks|last4=Jr|first4=W. E. B. DuBois Professor of Humanities Chair of Afro-American Studies and Director of the W. E. B. DuBois Institute for for Afro-American Research Henry Louis Gates|last5=Higginbotham|first5=Victor S. Thomas Professor of History and of African and African American Studies Evelyn Brooks|date=2004-04-29|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-516024-6|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Citation|title=Ukawsaw Gronniosaw|date=2021-05-13|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukawsaw_Gronniosaw&oldid=1022961717|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref>

 

Baada ya kupata mali zao zote, familia ilihamia Kidderminster, ambapo Betty aliwasaidia kwa kufanya kazi tena kama mfumaji. Siku ya Krismasi 1771, Gronniosaw alikuwa na watoto wao waliobaki, Mary Albert (wenye umri wa miaka sita) Edward Albert (wenye umri wa miaka nne) na Samweli mpya Albert, kubatizwa katika Nyumba ya Mkutano wa Kale wa Kujitegemea huko Kidderminster na Benjamin Fawcett, waziri wa Calvinist na mshirika wa Selina Hastings, Uchunguzi wa Huntingdon na takwimu kubwa katika Mbinu ya Kalvinist.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ukawsaw Gronniosaw|date=2021-05-13|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukawsaw_Gronniosaw&oldid=1022961717|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref> Wakati huo huo, Gronniosaw alipokea barua na mchango wa hisani kutoka Hastings mwenyewe. Mnamo tarehe 3 Januari 1772, alijibu kwa kumshukuru kwa 'neema' yake, ambayo ilifika 'wakati wa umuhimu mkubwa', na akaelezea kwamba alikuwa amerudi kutoka 'Bibi Marlowe's' karibu na Leominster , "je! Nilionyeshwa fadhili kutoka kwa marafiki zangu Wakristo'.[3] Mnamo 25 Juni 1774, mtoto wa tano wa Gronniosaw, James Albert Jr, alibatizwa, tena na Fawcett.<ref>{{Citation|title=Ukawsaw Gronniosaw|date=2021-05-13|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukawsaw_Gronniosaw&oldid=1022961717|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref>

 

Wasifu wa Gronniosaw ulitengenezwa huko Kidderminster mnamo mwaka 1772. <ref>{{Citation|title=Ukawsaw Gronniosaw|date=2021-05-13|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukawsaw_Gronniosaw&oldid=1022961717|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-07-01}}</ref> Umepewa jina la Simulizi la Maelezo ya kushangaza zaidi katika Maisha ya James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, Mfalme wa Kiafrika, Kama inavyohusiana na yeye mwenyewe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw. A Narrative of the Most Remarkable Particulars in the Life of James Albert Ukawsaw Gronniosaw, an African Prince, as Related by Himself.|url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/gronniosaw/gronnios.html|work=docsouth.unc.edu|accessdate=2021-07-01}}</ref> kichwa cha ukurasa kinaelezea kwamba "iliandikwa kwenye karatasi kwa kalamu ya kifahari ya binti mdogo wa mji wa LEOMINSTER." Ni hadithi ya kwanza ya mtumwa na Mwafrika kwa lugha ya Kiingereza, aina inayohusiana na fasihi ya watu waliotumwa ambao baadaye walipata uhuru. Iliyochapishwa katika Bath, Somerset, mnamo Desemba 1772, inatoa maelezo wazi juu ya maisha ya Gronniosaw, kutoka kuondoka kwake nyumbani hadi utumwa wake barani Afrika na mfalme mzawa, kupitia kipindi cha kuwa mtumwa, kwa mapambano yake na umaskini kama mtu huru katika Colchester na Kidderminster. Alivutiwa na mji huu wa mwisho kwa sababu wakati mmoja ilikuwa nyumba ya Richard Baxter, waziri wa Calvin wa karne ya 17 ambaye Gronniosaw alikuwa amejifunza kumpenda.

 

Utangulizi uliandikwa na Mchungaji Walter Shirley, binamu kwa Selina Hastings, Countess wa Huntingdon, ambaye alikuwa mlinzi mkuu wa mrengo wa Calvinist wa Methodism. Anatafsiri uzoefu wa Gronniosaw wa utumwa na kusafirishwa kutoka Bornu kwenda New York kama mfano wa utabiri na uchaguzi wa Kalvin.

 

Uhuishaji mfupi, wa dakika 6 ulioitwa "Maelezo ya kushangaza zaidi" unatoka kwenye hadithi ya Gronniosaw na inamuonyesha yeye na mkewe Betty kama wahusika. Iliandikwa na kuelekezwa na Jason Young. Alichapisha hadithi fupi "Annals of a Afro-Briton." Waigizaji Grahame Edwards na Sarah Hannah wanaongoza sauti hizo mbili.

 

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