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Madhara ya mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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{{Main|Asidi baharini}}
 
====Ongezeko la asidi====
Kuongezeka kwa asidi baharini ni chanzo cha kuongzeka kwa kiwango cha [[Kaboni daioksaidi|CO<sub>2</sub>]] in the atmosphere, and is not a direct consequence of [[global warming]]. The oceans soak up much of the CO<sub>2</sub> produced by living organisms, either as dissolved gas, or in the skeletons of tiny marine creatures that fall to the bottom to become chalk or limestone. Oceans currently absorb about one tonne of CO<sub>2</sub> per person per year. It is estimated that the oceans have absorbed around half of all CO<sub>2</sub> generated by human activities since 1800 (118 ± 19 petagrams of carbon from 1800 to 1994).<ref name="Sabine2004">{{cite journal |last=Sabine |first=Christopher L. |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2004 |month= |title=The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> |journal=Science |volume=385 |issue=5682 |pages=367&ndash;371 |doi=10.1126/science.1097403 |url= |accessdate= |quote=|pmid=15256665 }}</ref>▼
{{Main|Asidi baharini}}
 
▲Kuongezeka kwa asidi baharini ni chanzo cha kuongzekaukolezi kwawa kiwango cha [[Kaboni daioksaidi|CO<sub>2</sub>]] inkatika the atmosphereanga, andna issi notmatokeo aya directmoja consequencekwa ofmoja ya [[globalongezeko warmingla joto Duniani]]. TheBahari oceanshuchukua soakndani upkiasi muchkikubwa of thecha CO<sub>2</sub> producedkinachotolewa byna livingviumbe organismshai, eitherkama asgesi dissolvedmmunyufu gas,au orkatika inmifupa theya skeletonswanyama ofwadogo tinywa marinemajini creaturesambao thathuanguka fallchini tona thekuwa bottomchokaa toau become chalk or limestonesimiti. OceansBahari currentlykwa absorbsasa abouthuchukua onekaribu tonnetani ofmoja ya CO<sub>2</sub> perkwa kila personmtu perkila yearmwaka. ItInatabiriwa iskuwa estimatedbahari thatimechukuwa thendani oceanskaribu havenusu absorbed around half of allya CO<sub>2</sub> generatedinayozalishwa byna humanshughuli activitiesza kibinadamu tangu mwaka wa since 1800 (petagramu 118 ± 19 petagramsza ofkaboni carbontangu frommwaka wa 1800 tohadi mwaka wa 1994).<ref name="Sabine2004">{{cite journal |last=Sabine |first=Christopher L. |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2004 |month= |title=The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> |journal=Science |volume=385 |issue=5682 |pages=367&ndash;371 |doi=10.1126/science.1097403 |url= |accessdate= |quote=|pmid=15256665 }}</ref>
 
In waterMajini, CO<sub>2</sub> becomeshuwa aasidi weakya [[carbonickikaboni acid]]dhaifi, andna theongezeko increasela ingesi theya greenhousenyumba gasya sincekijani thetangu [[IndustrialMapinduzi Revolutionya Viwandani]] hastayari alreadyimepunguza loweredpH theya averagewastani [[pH]]ya (thekipimo cha mahabara laboratorycha measurekiwango ofcha acidityasidi) ofcha seawatermaji ya bahari kutoka kiwango cha by 0.1 units,hadi kiwango tocha 8.2. PredictedKutolewa emissionskwa couldgesi lowerkunaotabiriwa thekunaweza kupunguza kiwango cha pH byzaidi kwa akipimo furthercha 0.5 bykufikia mwaka wa 2100, tokwa akiwango levelambacho probablyhakijatazamwa notkwa seenmillenia for hundredsnyingi, ofkwa millennia andkina, critically,kwa atkiwango acha ratemabadiliko ofmara changekubwa probablymara 100 times greaterzaidi thankuliko atkatika anywakati timewowote overkatika thiskipindi periodhiki.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4633681.stm |title=Emission cuts 'vital' for oceans|date=2005-06-30 |publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=2007-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/document.asp?tip=0&id=3249|title=Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|date=2005-06-30|accessdate=2008-06-22}}</ref>
 
ThereKuna arewasiwasi concernskuwa thatongezeko increasingla acidificationasidi couldkunaweza havekuwa ana particularlymadhara detrimentalmabaya effecthasa onkwa [[coral]]smarijani<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/2558.jsp |title=Global warming and coral reefs|auithor=Thomas J Goreau|publisher=Open Democracy |date=2005-05-30 |accessdate=2007-12-29}}</ref> (16% ofya themarijani world'sya coralDunia reefswamekufa kutokana na kuchomwa havena diedkemikali frominayosababishwa bleachingna causedmaji bymoto warmtangu watermwaka inwa 1998,<ref name="Walther2002">{{cite journal |last=Walther |first=Gian-Reto |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2002 |month= |title=Ecological responses to recent climate change |journal=Nature |volume=416 |issue=6879 |pages=389&ndash;395 |doi=10.1038/416389a |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> whichambayo coincidentallykibahati wasulikuwa themwaka warmestmwenye yearjoto everzaidi kuwahi kurekodiwa recorded) andna viumbe wengine otherwa marinekimarina organismswenye withmifupa [[calciumya carbonate]]kalsiamu shellskabonati.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2006/07/05/acidocean_pla.html |title=Rising Ocean Acidity Threatens Reefs | author=Larry O'Hanlon |publisher=Discovery News |date=2006-07-05 |accessdate=2007-12-29}}</ref>▼
 
Mnamo tarehe Novemba mwaka wa 2009 katika makala katika jarida la ''Science'' yaliyoandikwa na wanasayansi katika Idara ya Uvuvi na Bahari katika eneo la Kanada yaliripoti kuwa yalikuwa yamepata viwango vidogo sana vya vitalu vya ujenzi vya kalsiamu kloraidi inayojenga mifupa ya planktoni katika Ziwa la Beaufort.<ref name=Canwest2009-11-20>
▲There are concerns that increasing acidification could have a particularly detrimental effect on [[coral]]s<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/2558.jsp |title=Global warming and coral reefs|auithor=Thomas J Goreau|publisher=Open Democracy |date=2005-05-30 |accessdate=2007-12-29}}</ref> (16% of the world's coral reefs have died from bleaching caused by warm water in 1998,<ref name="Walther2002">{{cite journal |last=Walther |first=Gian-Reto |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2002 |month= |title=Ecological responses to recent climate change |journal=Nature |volume=416 |issue=6879 |pages=389&ndash;395 |doi=10.1038/416389a |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> which coincidentally was the warmest year ever recorded) and other marine organisms with [[calcium carbonate]] shells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2006/07/05/acidocean_pla.html |title=Rising Ocean Acidity Threatens Reefs | author=Larry O'Hanlon |publisher=Discovery News |date=2006-07-05 |accessdate=2007-12-29}}</ref>
 
 
In November 2009 an article in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' by scientists at [[Canada]]'s [[Department of Fisheries and Oceans]] reported they had found very low levels of the building blocks for the calcium chloride that forms [[plankton]] shells in the [[Beaufort Sea]].<ref name=Canwest2009-11-20>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.canada.com/technology/Climate+change+causing+corrosive+water+affect+Arctic+marine+life+study/2242554/story.html
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| archivedate=2009-11-21
}}</ref>
Fiona McLaughlin, mmoja wa waandishi wa DFO, alidokeza kuwa ongezeko la asidi katika Bahari ya Aktiki lilikuwa karibu kufikia kiwango ambapo kingeanza kumumunyisha nyuta za planktoni zilizopo: ''"mfumo wa kiikolojia wa eneo la Aktiki upo hatarini. Kwa kweli, utamumunyisha mifupa ya wanyama hao."''
[[Fiona McLaughlin]], one of the DFO authors, asserted that the increasing acidification of the Arctic Ocean was close to the point it would start dissolving the walls of existing plankton: ''"[the] Arctic ecosystem may be risk. In actual fact, they'll dissolve the shells."''
Kwa sababu baridi inachukua ndani CO<sub>2</sub> kwa urahisi zaidi kuliko maji yenye joto zaidi asidi ni nyingi zaidi katika maeneo ya ncha za ulimwengu. McLaughlin alitabiri ongezeko la asidi litasafiri hadi eneo la Atlantiki ya Kaskazini katika kipindi cha miaka kumi ijayo.
Because cold water absorbs CO2 more readily than warmer water the acidification is more severe in the polar regions. McLaughlin predicted the acidified water would travel to the North Atlantic within the next ten years.
 
 
====Kukoma kwa mzunguko wa kijoto====
Rudishwa kutoka "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhara_ya_mabadiliko_ya_hali_ya_hewa"