Kifua kikuu : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

[[File: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.jpg | thumb | [[Skanning elektroni mikrografu]] ya '' [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis ]]'']]

 

 

Kwa kutumia vipimo vya kimaabara vya kansa [[Histology | histological]] kwa kuweka madoa juu ya sampuli ya [[mate]] yaliyotoka kwenye [[makohozi]], wanasayansi wanaweza kutambua MTB chini ya makroskopi (nyepesi) ya kawaida. (Phlegm pia inaitwa "kohozi.") MTB huacha madoa hata baada ya kuchanganywa na asidi, na hivyo hujulikana kama [[Acid-fast bacillus]] (AFB) <ref name= Robbins /> <ref name=" Madison_2001 "/> acid-fast bacillus. Kuna njia mbili zinazotumia vipimo vya asidi :. Kipimo kinachojulikana kama [[Ziehl - Neelsen stain]], kinageuza rangi ya vimelea AFB na kuwa vyekundu na vinaonekana wazi wazi dhidi ya sehemu ya bluu, <ref name=Stain2000>{{cite book |author= |title=Medical Laboratory Science: Theory and Practice|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill |location=New Delhi |year=2000 |pages=473 |isbn=0-07-463223-X|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=lciNs3VQPLoC&pg=PA473}}</ref> na [[auramine-rhodamine stain]] ambayo hufuatiwa na [[Fluorescence microscope|makroskopi yenye kuakisi mwanga]] {{<ref>{{cite book|last=Piot|first=editors, Richard D. Semba, Martin W. Bloem; foreword by Peter|title=Nutrition and health in developing countries|year=2008|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, NJ|isbn=978-1-934115-24-4|pages=291|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA291|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref>

 

Mycobacteria zingine zinazojulikana ni pamoja na " [[Mycobacterium leprae | M. leprae]], " "[[Mycobacterium avium complex | M. avium]], " na "[[Mycobacterium kansasii | M. kansasii]] ". Hizi aina mbili za mwisho zinajulikana kama " [[nontuberculous mycobacteria]] "(NTM). NTM hazisababisha kifua kikuu au [[ukoma]], lakini husababisha magonjwa ya mapafu yanayofanana na kifua kikuu <ref name=ALA_1997>{{cite journal |title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was approved by the Board of Directors, March 1997. Medical Section of the American Lung Association |journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med |volume=156 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=S1–25 |year=1997 |pmid = 9279284 |author=American Thoracic Society }}</ref>

== Sababu za hatari ==

Idadi ya sababu za kufanya watu wahusike zaidi na maambukizi ya TB. Muhimu zaidi ni hatari ya kimataifa [[ Virusi ya Ukimwi ]]; 13% ya kesi zote TB wameambukizwa na virusi.<ref name=WHO2011/> Hili ni tatizo hasa katika [[ Afrika kusini mwa Sahara ]], ambapo viwango vya HIV ni kubwa .<ref>{{cite web author=WorldHealthOrganization|url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/index.html|title=Global tuberculosis control–surveillance, planning, financing WHO Report 2006|accessdate=13 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chaisson|first=RE|coauthors=Martinson, NA|title=Tuberculosis in Africa--combating an HIV-driven crisis|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|date=13 March 2008|volume=358|issue=11|pages=1089 92|pmid=18337598|doi=10.1056/NEJMp0800809}}</ref> Kifua Kikuu ni uhusiano wa karibu na wote msongamano na utapiamlo, na kuifanya moja ya magonjwa [[ makuu ya umaskini ]]. This link Wale walio katika hatari ya juu hivyo ni pamoja [[ ugonjwa ya umaskini]].<ref name=Lancet11/> watu ambao hujidunga dawa haramu, wenyeji na wafanyakazi wa locales ambapo watu wanaoishi katika mazingira magumu kukusanya (km magereza na malazi makazi), jamii wasiojiweza kimatibabu na wasio na mtaji, ya hatari kwa makabila madogo, watoto katika mawasiliano ya karibu na hatari ya hali ya juu kwa jamii ya wagonjwa na watoa huduma ya afya ya kuwahudumia wateja.<ref name=Griffith_1996>{{citejournal |author=Griffith D, Kerr C|title=Tuberculosis: disease of the past, disease of the present |journal=J Perianesth Nurs |volume=11 |issue=4|pages=240–5 |year=1996|pmid = 8964016|doi = 10.1016/S1089-9472(96)80023-2}}</ref> uvimbe sugu ni sababu nyingine hatari ya ugonjwa. Kwa [[Silicosis]] kuongeza hatari kuhusu mara 30. <ref name=table3>{{cite journal |title=Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. American Thoracic Society |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=49 |issue=RR6|pages=151|year=200|month=June|pmid=10881762|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4906a1.htm#tab3|author1=ATS/CDC Statement Committee on Latent Tuberculosis Infection}}</ref> Wale ambao moshi [[sigara]]s kuwa karibu mara mbili ya hatari ya TB ya wasiovuta sigara.<ref>{{cite journal|last=van Zyl Smit|first=RN|coauthors=Pai, M, Yew, WW, Leung, CC, Zumla, A, Bateman, ED, Dheda, K|title=Global lung health: the colliding epidemics of tuberculosis, tobacco smoking, HIV and COPD.|journal=The European respiratory journal : official journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology|date=2010 Jan|volume=35|issue=1|pages=27-33|pmid=20044459|quote=These analyses indicate that smokers are almost twice as likely to be infected with TB and to progress to active disease (RR of ∼1.5 for latent TB infection (LTBI) and RR of ∼2.0 for TB disease). Smokers are also twice as likely to die from TB (RR of ∼2.0 for TB mortality), but data are difficult to interpret because of heterogeneity in the results across studies.}}</ref> Baadhi ya dawa hasa yanaweza pia kuongeza hatari ya kifua kikuu katika mataifa yaliyostawi, [[ ulevi ]]<ref name=Lancet11/> na [[ Ugonjwa wa kisukari ]] (kuongezeka maratatu ).<ref>{{cite journal|last=Restrepo|first=BI|title=Convergence of the tuberculosis and diabetes epidemics: renewal of old acquaintances journal=Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America|date=15 August 2007|volume=45|issue=4|pages=436–8|pmid=17638190|doi=10.1086/519939|pmc=2900315}}</ref> Baadhi ya dawa, kama vile [[corticosteroids]] na [[infliximab]] (an anti-αTNF monoclonal antibody) kuwa inazidi muhimu hatari, hasa katika [[nchi zilizoendelea]].<ref name=Lancet11/> Kuna pia, [[ upungufu maumbile ]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Möller|first=M|coauthors=Hoal, EG|title=Current findings, challenges and novel approaches in human genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis|journal=Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland)|date=2010 Mar|volume=90|issue=2|pages=71–83|pmid=20206579|doi=10.1016/j.tube.2010.02.002}}</ref> kwa umuhimu ambayo kwa ujumla ni bado siowekwa wazi .<ref name=Lancet11/>