Kifua kikuu : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
Content deleted Content added
Mstari 41:
IKisababishi kikubwa cha kifua kikuu ni '' [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'', ni kiumbe kidogo, [[ | kinachohitaji oksijeni]] na kisichotembea [[bacillus]] <ref name=ID10>{{cite book|last=Dolin|first=[edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|pages=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}</ref> Sifa nyingi za kipekee za kiumbe hiki zinaletwa na ongezeko kubwa la [[mafuta]] <ref>{{cite book|author=Southwick F |title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed. |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division |date=10 December 2007 |pages=313–4 |chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections |page=104|url=http://pharma-books.blogspot.com/2009/01/infectious-disease-clinical-short.html |isbn=0-07-147722-5}}</ref> Ina seli inayojigawa kila baada ya masaa 16 hadi 20. Kiwango hiki si kikubwa ukilinganishwa na bakteria zingine, ambazo kwa kawaida vinajigawa kwa muda usiopungua saa mmoja <ref>{{cite book|last=Jindal|first=editor-in-chief SK|title=Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|pages=525|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525}}</ref> Mycobacteria wana [[muundo wa seli ya bakteria | utando wa nje]] utando wa mafuta <ref name=Niederweis2010>{{cite journal |author=Niederweis M, Danilchanka O, Huff J, Hoffmann C, Engelhardt H |title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins |journal=Trends in Microbiology |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=109–16 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=20060722 |pmc=2931330|doi=10.1016/j.tim.2009.12.005 }}</ref> Kama jaribio la [[Gramu stain]] likifanywa, MTB haikolei sana rangi yaani "Gram-positive" haipatikani na rangi haionekani kwa sababu utando wake una mafuta mengi [[mafuta]] pamoja na asidi [[Mycolic acid]]. <ref name=Madison_2001>{{cite journal |author=Madison B |title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology |journal=Biotech Histochem |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=119–25 |year=2001 |pmid=11475314 |doi=10.1080/714028138}}</ref> MTB inaweza kuhimili kemikali [[dhaifu]] na hivi vimelea vinaweza kuishi katika [[kijimbegu au | sehemu kavu]] kwa wiki moja. Kwa kawaida, bakteria zinaweza kukua na kuishi tu ndani ya seli ya [[kiumbe (biolojia) | kiumbe]] viumbe, lakini'' M. tuberculosis' inaweza kukuzwa [[ndani in vitro | ya maabara.]] <ref name=Parish_1999>{{cite journal |author=Parish T, Stoker N |title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back) |journal=Molecular Biotechnology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=191–200 |year=1999| pmid=10934532 |doi = 10.1385/MB:13:3:191}}</ref>
Kwa kutumia vipimo vya kimaabara vya kansa [[Histology | histological]] kwa kuweka madoa juu ya sampuli ya [[mate]] yaliyotoka kwenye [[makohozi]], wanasayansi wanaweza kutambua MTB chini ya makroskopi (nyepesi) ya kawaida. (Phlegm pia inaitwa "kohozi.") MTB huacha madoa hata baada ya kuchanganywa na asidi, na hivyo hujulikana kama [[Acid-fast bacillus]] (AFB) <ref name= Robbins /> <ref name=" Madison_2001 "/> acid-fast bacillus. Kuna njia mbili zinazotumia vipimo vya asidi :. Kipimo kinachojulikana kama [[Ziehl - Neelsen stain]], kinageuza rangi ya vimelea AFB na kuwa vyekundu na vinaonekana wazi wazi dhidi ya sehemu ya bluu, <ref name=Stain2000>{{cite book |author= |title=Medical Laboratory Science: Theory and Practice|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill |location=New Delhi |year=2000 |pages=473 |isbn=0-07-463223-X|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=lciNs3VQPLoC&pg=PA473}}</ref> na [[auramine-rhodamine stain]] ambayo hufuatiwa na
Mchangamano wa “M. tuberculosis'' (MTBC) ni pamoja na bakteria zingine nne zinazosababisha kifua kikuu {[[mycobacterium|mycobacteria]]: “[[Mycobacterium bovis|M. bovis]],” “[[Mycobacterium africanum|M. africanum]],” “[[Mycobacterium canetti|M. canetti]],” pamoja na “[[Mycobacterium microti|M. microti]].”<ref>{{cite journal |author=van Soolingen D |title=A novel pathogenic taxon of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Canetti: characterization of an exceptional isolate from Africa |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=1236–45 |year=1997 |pmid=9336935|doi=10.1099/00207713-47-4-1236 |author-separator=, |display-authors=1 |last2=Hoogenboezem |first2=T. |last3=De Haas|first3=P. E. W. |last4=Hermans |first4=P. W. M. |last5=Koedam |first5=M. A. |last6=Teppema |first6=K. S. |last7=Brennan|first7=P. J. |last8=Besra |first8=G. S. |last9=Portaels |first9=F.}} “M. africanum” haijasambaa sana, lakini ndio kisababishi kikubwa cha kifua kikuu katika maeneo ya Afrika <ref>{{cite journal |author=Niemann S |title=Mycobacterium africanum Subtype II Is Associated with Two Distinct Genotypes and Is a Major Cause of Human Tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=3398–405 |year=2002 |pmid=12202584 |pmc=130701|doi=10.1128/JCM.40.9.3398-3405.2002 |author-separator=, |display-authors=1 |last2=Rusch-Gerdes |first2=S. |last3=Joloba|first3=M. L. |last4=Whalen |first4=C. C. |last5=Guwatudde |first5=D. |last6=Ellner |first6=J. J. |last7=Eisenach|first7=K. |last8=Fumokong |first8=N. |last9=Johnson |first9=J. L.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Niobe-Eyangoh SN|title=Genetic Biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Strains from Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Cameroon |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=2547–53 |year=2003 |pmid=12791879 |pmc=156567|doi=10.1128/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003 |author-separator=, |display-authors=1 |last2=Kuaban |first2=C. |last3=Sorlin|first3=P. |last4=Cunin |first4=P. |last5=Thonnon |first5=J. |last6=Sola |first6=C. |last7=Rastogi |first7=N.|last8=Vincent |first8=V. |last9=Gutierrez |first9=M. C.}}</ref> “M. bovis” ndio ilikuwa ni kisababishi kikubwa cha kifua kikuu, lakini baada ya kuanza kutumia [[pasteurisation|maziwa yanayopashwa moto]] vimelea vya mycobacterium vimeweza kuondolewa na kupuguza matatizo ya kiafya katika nchi zinazoendelea.<ref name=Robbins/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Thoen C, Lobue P, de Kantor I |title=The importance of''Mycobacterium bovis'' as a zoonosis |journal=Vet. Microbiol. "M. Canetti " ni adimu sana na huonekana zaidi [[Eneo la Pembezoni mwa Afrika]], ingawa kuna wagonjwa wachache kati ya wahamiaji wanaotoka Afrika. <ref>{{cite book|last=Acton|first=Q. Ashton|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|pages=1968|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Pfyffer|first=GE|coauthors=Auckenthaler, R, van Embden, JD, van Soolingen, D|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa.|journal=Emerging infectious diseases|date=1998 Oct-Dec|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631-4|pmid=9866740}}</ref> "M. microti" pia ni adimu na inawaathiri zaidi watu wenye upungufu wa kingamwili, ingawa ugonjwa huu unaweza kuwa umeenea zaidi kuliko inavyofikiriwa<ref>{{cite journal|last=Panteix|first=G|coauthors=Gutierrez, MC, Boschiroli, ML, Rouviere, M, Plaidy, A, Pressac, D, Porcheret, H, Chyderiotis, G, Ponsada, M, Van Oortegem, K, Salloum, S, Cabuzel, S, Bañuls, AL, Van de Perre, P, Godreuil, S|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France.|journal=Journal of medical microbiology|date=2010 Aug|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984-9|pmid=20488936}}</ref>
| |||