Zama za Mwangaza : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
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[[File:Encyclopedie frontispice full.jpg|thumb|240px|''Kama unajua kitu, ukisambaze. Kama kuna kitu ambacho hukijui, anzisha utafiti.''<div style="text-align:right;">— Kutoka toleo la mwaka [[1772]] la ''[[Encyclopédie]]''; [[Ukweli]], juu katikati, ukizungukwa na mwangaza na ukionyeshwa wazi na [[falsafa]] na [[akili]] (kulia).</div>]]
'''Zama za Mwangaza''' lilikuwa vuguvugu la kitamaduni katika [[karne ya 18]] huko Barani [[Ulaya]]. Ilikuwa na kituo chake huko nchini [[Ufaransa]] na kilikuwa kikiongozwa na wanafalsafa wawili ambao ni [[Voltaire]] na [[Denis Diderot]]. Diderot alieneza azimio hili la mwangza kwa kutumia vitabu vikubwa vya Encyclopédie, kitabu kikubwa cha kwanza cha kumbukumbu.▼
'''Zama za Mwangaza''' (au '''Falsafa ya mwangaza''' au '''Mwangaza''' au '''Wakati wa akili''') ni jina la vuguvugu la ki[[utamaduni]] hasa katika [[karne ya 18]] barani [[Ulaya]].
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Azimio muhimu zaidi la mwangaza
Azimio lingine ==Historia==
[[Tapo]] hilo la [[falsafa]] lilianza mwishoni mwa [[karne ya 17]] na kuenea katika [[karne ya 18]] katika [[Ulaya]] nzima na hatimaye [[Marekani]] likisisitiza [[akili]] na [[nafsi]] ya mtu kuliko [[mapokeo]].<ref>[["enlightenment"]]. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press, n.d. Web. 19 September 2013.</ref>
Lengo lilikuwa kurekebisha [[jamii]] kwa kufuata uelewa wa akili, hasa kupitia [[mbinu]] za [[sayansi]], si [[desturi]] na mafundisho ya [[imani]], hasa ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]].
Ilifanya wengi wapate wasiwasi kuhusu [[dini]] na wazingatie zaidi sayansi,<ref>Kors, Alan Charles. Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2003. Print.</ref> ikiathiri [[historia]] yote iliyofuata hata upande wa [[siasa]].
Kati ya watu walioisambaza, muhimu zaidi ni [[wanafalsafa]] [[Baruch Spinoza]] ([[1632]]–[[1677]]), [[John Locke]] ([[1632]]–[[1704]]), [[Pierre Bayle]] ([[1647]]–[[1706]]), [[Voltaire]] ([[1694]]–[[1778]]) na nwanafizikia [[Isaac Newton]] ([[1643]]–[[1727]]).<ref>Sootin, Harry. "Isaac Newton." New York, Messner(1955).</ref>
Mara nyingi watawala waliunga mkono watu kama hao wakajaribu kutekeleza maelekezo yao kwa [[serikali]].
Baada ya mwaka [[1800]] watu wengi walianza kushtukia matokeo yake (hasa [[Mapinduzi ya Kifaransa]]) na kuelekea upande mwingine, ule wa [[hisia]].<ref name="Casey">{{cite web | last = Casey | first = Christopher | date = October 30, 2008 | title = "Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism | work = Foundations. Volume III, Number 1 | url = http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8| accessdate = 2009-06-25 }}</ref>
==Tanbihi==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Marejeo==
===Ya jumla===
* Becker, Carl L. ''The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers.'' (1932)
* [[Stephen Bronner|Bronner, Stephen]]. '' The Great Divide: The Enlightenment and its Critics''
* Burns, William. ''Science in the Enlightenment: An Encyclopædia'' (2003) 353pp
* Chisick, Harvey. ''Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment.'' 2005. 512 pp
* Delon, Michel. ''Encyclopædia of the Enlightenment'' (2001) 1480pp
* [[Louis Dupre|Dupre, Louis]]. ''The Enlightenment & the Intellectual Foundations of Modern Culture'' 2004
* [[Peter Gay|Gay, Peter]]. ''The Enlightenment: The Rise of Modern Paganism'' (1966, 2nd ed. 1995), 952 pp; [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0393313026 excerpt and text search vol 1]; ''The Enlightenment: The Science of Freedom'', (1969 2nd ed. 1995), a highly influential study [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0393313662 excerpt and text search vol 2];
* Greensides F, Hyland P, Gomez O (ed.). ''The Enlightenment'' (2002)
* Fitzpatrick, Martin et al., eds. ''The Enlightenment World.'' (2004). 714pp; 39 essays by scholars [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107997736# online edition]
* Hazard, Paul. ''European thought in the 18th century: From Montesquieu to Lessing'' (1965)
* Humphreys, Kenneth. ''Jesus never existed'' (2005) Welcome to the enlightenment
* [[Gertrude Himmelfarb|Himmelfarb, Gertrude]]. ''The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/Roads-Modernity-British-American-Enlightenments/dp/1400077222/ excerpt and text search]
*Israel, Jonathan. ''Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights, 1750–1790'' (2011), 1152pp; intellectual history focused on radicalism
* Jacob, Margaret ''Enlightenment: A Brief History with Documents'' 2000
* [[Alan Charles Kors|Kors, Alan Charles]]. ''Encyclopædia of the Enlightenment'' (4 vol. 1990; 2nd ed. 2003), 1984pp [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0195104307 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.oxfordreference.com/pub/views/home.html complete text online at www.oxfordreference.com]
* Munck, Thomas. ''Enlightenment: A Comparative Social History, 1721–1794'' England''. (1994)
* Outram, Dorinda. ''The Enlightenment''(1995) 157pp [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0521425344 excerpt and text search]
* Outram, Dorinda. ''Panorama of the Enlightenment'' (2006), emphasis on Germany; heavily illustrated
*{{citation|last=Porter|first=Roy|title=The Enlightenment|edition=2nd|year=2001|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z6C9zlVo7cAC&printsec=frontcover|accessdate=28 Jun 2012|isbn=9780333945056}}
* Reill, Peter Hanns, and Wilson, Ellen Judy. ''Encyclopædia of the Enlightenment.'' (2nd ed. 2004). 670 pp.
* Yolton, John W. et al. ''The Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment.'' 1992. 581 pp.
===Ya dhati zaidi===
* Aldridge, A. Owen (ed.). ''The Ibero-American Enlightenment'' (1971).
* Andrew, Donna T. "Popular Culture and Public Debate: London 1780". ''The Historical Journal'', Vol. 39, No. 2. (June 1996), pp 405–423. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2640187 in JSTOR]
* Brewer, Daniel. ''The Enlightenment Past: reconstructing 18th-century French thought''. (2008).
* Broadie, Alexander. ''The Scottish Enlightenment: The Historical Age of the Historical Nation'' (2007)
* Broadie, Alexander. ''The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0521003237 excerpt and text search]
* Bronner, Stephen. ''Interpreting the Enlightenment: Metaphysics, Critique, and Politics'', 2004
* Brown, Stuart, ed. ''British Philosophy in the Age of Enlightenment'' (2002)
* Buchan, James. ''Crowded with Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment: Edinburgh's Moment of the Mind'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/006055889X excerpt and text search]
* Campbell, R.S. and Skinner, A.S., (eds.) ''The Origins and Nature of the Scottish Enlightenment'', Edinburgh, 1982
* Cassirer, Ernst. ''The Philosophy of the Enlightenment.'' 1955. a highly influential study by a neoKantian philosopher [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0691019630 excerpt and text search]
* [[Roger Chartier|Chartier, Roger]]. ''The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution''. Translated by Lydia G. Cochrane. Duke University Press, 1991.
* Cowan, Brian, ''The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005
* [[Robert Darnton|Darnton, Robert]]. ''The Literary Underground of the Old Regime''. (1982).
* Edelstein, Dan. ''The Enlightenment: A Genealogy'' (University of Chicago Press; 2010) 209 pages
* Golinski, Jan. "Science in the Enlightenment, Revisited," ''History of Science'' (2011) 49#2 pp 217–231
* Goodman, Dena. ''The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment''. (1994).
* Hesse, Carla. ''The Other Enlightenment: How French Women Became Modern''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
* Hankins, Thomas L. ''Science and the Enlightenment'' (1985).
* Israel, Jonathan I. ''Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man 1670–1752'' (2008)
* Israel, Jonathan. ''Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650–1750''. (2001).
* Israel, Jonathan. ''A Revolution of the Mind - Radical Enlightenment and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Democracy''. (2009).
* May, Henry F. ''The Enlightenment in America.'' 1976. 419 pp.
* Melton, James Van Horn. ''The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe''. (2001).
* Porter, Roy. ''The Creation of the Modern World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment.'' 2000. 608 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0393322688 excerpt and text search]
* Redkop, Benjamin. ''The Enlightenment and Community'', 1999
* Reid-Maroney, Nina. ''Philadelphia's Enlightenment, 1740–1800: Kingdom of Christ, Empire of Reason.'' 2001. 199 pp.
* Roche, Daniel. ''France in the Enlightenment''. (1998).
* Sorkin, David. ''The Religious Enlightenment: Protestants, Jews, and Catholics from London to Vienna'' (2008)
* Staloff, Darren. ''Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson: The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding.'' 2005. 419 pp. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/080905356X excerpt and text search]
* Till, Nicholas. ''Mozart and the Enlightenment: Truth, Virtue, and Beauty in Mozart's Operas.'' 1993. 384 pp.
* Tunstall, Kate E. ''Blindness and Enlightenment. An Essay. With a new translation of Diderot's Letter on the Blind'' (Continuum, 2011)
* Venturi, Franco. ''Utopia and Reform in the Enlightenment''. George Macaulay Trevelyan Lecture, (1971)
===Vyanzo vikuu===
* Broadie, Alexander, ed. ''The Scottish Enlightenment: An Anthology'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0862417384 excerpt and text search]
* Diderot, Denis. ''Rameau's Nephew'' and ''First Satire.' (2008).
* Diderot, Denis. "Letter on the Blind" in Tunstall, Kate E. ''Blindness and Enlightenment. An Essay. With a new translation of Diderot's Letter on the Blind'' (Continuum, 2011)
* Diderot, Denis. ''The Encyclopédie of Diderot and D'Alembert: Selected Articles'' (1969) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0521076048 excerpt and text search]
* Gomez, Olga, et al. eds. ''The Enlightenment: A Sourcebook and Reader'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0415204496 excerpt and text search]
* Kramnick, Issac, ed. ''The Portable Enlightenment Reader'' (1995) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0140245669 excerpt and text search]
{{mbegu-historia}}
[[Jamii:Vipindi vya kihistoria]]
[[Category:Karne ya 18]]
[[Category:Falsafa]]
[[Category:Historia ya Ulaya]]
{{Link FA|ka}}
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