Wikipedia:Sanduku la mchanga : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
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<big>'''ANZA HAPO CHINI - START BELOW THIS:'''</big>
:{{for||Big Bang (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Universe expansion2.png|thumb|right|250px|The Big Bang model is that the [[universe]] begun in an extremely dense and hot condition and has expanded. The theory suggests, and measurements show, that the universe is still expanding today.<ref name=NASA>{{cite web |url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_theory.html |title=Universe 101:Big Bang theory |accessdate=2010-01-28 |last=NASA |first= |coauthors= |date= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |quote= }}</ref>]]
'''Mlipuko mkuu''' au mlipuko asilia ni namna ya kutaja chanzo cha ulimwengu katika nadharia ya kisayansi inayotumiwa na wataalamu wengi duniani. Nadharia hii inajaribu kueleza habari zinazojulikana kuhusu hali ya ulimwengu na kutokea kwake.
Kufuatana na nadharia hii ulimwengu ulianza
In the Big Bang theory, the universe began as very [[heat|hot]], [[size|small]], and [[density|dense]], with no stars, [[atom]]s, form, or structure (called a "[[singularity]]"). Then about 14 [[billion]] years ago,<ref name=NASA /> [[Outer space|space]] expanded very quickly (thus the name "Big Bang"), resulting in the formation of atoms, which eventually led to the creation of stars and galaxies. The universe is still expanding today, but getting colder as well.
As a whole, [[Space (physics)|space]] is growing and the [[temperature]] is falling as [[time]] passes. [[Cosmology]] is the name given to how the universe began and how it has developed. [[Scientist]]s that study cosmology agree the Big Bang theory matches what they have observed so far.<ref name=NASA />
[[Fred Hoyle]] called the theory the "Big Bang" on his radio show. He did not believe the Big Bang was correct. Scientists who did not agree with him thought the name was funny and decided to use it. Since then, Fred Hoyle's reasons for not agreeing with the theory have been proven wrong.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/22/world/fred-hoyle-dies-at-86-opposed-big-bang-but-named-it.html?pagewanted=1 |title=Fred Hoyle dies at 86; opposed 'Big Bang' but named it |accessdate=2010-01-28 |last=Sullivan |first=Walter |coauthors= |date=August 22, 2001 |format= |work= |publisher=New York Times |pages= |quote= }}</ref>
[[Scientists]] base the Big Bang theory on many different [[observation]]s. The most important is the [[redshift]] of very far away [[galaxy|galaxies]]. Redshift is the [[Doppler Effect]] occurring in light. When an object moves away from earth, it looks reddish because the movement stretches the [[wavelength]]. The reddish color occurs because red is the lowest wavelength on the visible [[spectrum]]. The more redshift there is, the faster the object is moving away. By measuring the redshift, scientists proved that the universe is expanding and can even work out how fast the object is moving. With precise observation and measurements, scientists believe that universe was a singularity approximately 13.8 billion years ago. Because most things become [[cold]]er as they expand, the universe is assumed to have been very hot when it started.<ref name=Michigan>{{cite web |url=http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/bigbang.htm |title=The Big Bang: it sure was BIG! |accessdate=2010-01-28 |last=Chris LaRocco and Blair Rothstein |first= |coauthors= |date= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |quote= }}</ref>
Other observations that support the Big Bang theory are the amounts of [[chemical element]]s in the universe. Amounts of [[hydrogen]], [[helium]], and [[lithium]] seem to agree with the theory of the Big Bang. Scientists also have found "cosmic [[microwaves]] [[wikt:background|background]] [[radiation]]". This radiation is known as radio waves, and they are everywhere in the universe. Even so, it is now very weak and cold, but a long time ago it was very strong and very hot.<ref name=NASA />
The Big Bang might also have been the beginning of time. If the Big Bang was the beginning of time, then there was no universe before the Big Bang, since there was no concept of "before" without time. Other ideas state that the Big Bang was not the beginning of time 13.8 billion years ago. Instead, some believe that there was a different universe before and it may have been very different from the one we know today.<ref name=Michigan />
The Big Bang idea is based on science. Some religious groups reject the Big Bang theory on grounds that it conflicts with their teachings.<ref>[http://calvaryag.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=78&Itemid=1]</ref> The Big Bang theory is not a religious teaching. It is based on observations of the universe, and is an attempt at explaining them without religious undertones. [[Georges Lemaitre]], who originally came up with this theory, was a [[Catholic]] priest, and there are many religious groups who do accept the Big Bang theory, as it doesn't (in itself) conflict with being religious.
== Graphical timeline of the universe ==
A great deal happened in the first second of the universe's life:
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:720 height:1000
PlotArea = left:40 right:256 bottom:75 top:75
Colors =
id:period1 value:rgb(1,1,0.7) # light yellow
id:period2 value:rgb(0.7,0.7,1) # light blue
id:events value:rgb(1,0.7,1) # light purple
id:era1 Value:yellowgreen
id:era2 value:lightorange
id:time1 Value:coral
id:time2 Value:lavender
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:-430 till:155
TimeAxis = format:yyyy orientation:vertical # order:reverse does not work
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-430 # second
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:2 start:-430
AlignBars = justify
BarData =
bar:Clock
bar:Era
bar:Dummy3
bar:Periods
bar:Dummy4
bar:Events
TextData =
fontsize:M
pos:(240,75)
text:[[Planck epoch]]
pos:(250,50)
text:[[Big Bang]]
pos:(20,50)
text:"0: Linear time"
pos:(10,980)
text:"Logarithmic time:"
text:"10 · log10 second"
pos:(154,946)
text:"NEXT"
pos:(117,931)
text:[[Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era|The Stelliferous Era]]
pos:(245,950)
text:"[[Reionization]]"
LineData =
layer:front
at:123 frompos:358 tillpos:369 width:0.5 # Matter domination
points:(369,878)(402,800) width:0.5
points:(402,800)(413,800) width:0.5
PlotData=
textcolor:black fontsize:M
width:53
bar:Clock color:events align:right shift:(28,3) mark:(line,teal)
at:-120 text:"One picosecond"
at:-90 text:"One nanosecond"
at:-60 text:"One microsecond"
at:-30 text:"One millisecond"
at:0 text:"One second"
at:36 text:"One hour"
at:75 text:"One year"
at:105 text:"One thousand years" shift:(43,3)
at:135 text:"One million years"
width:53
bar:Era mark:(line,white) align:center shift:(0,0)
from:-430 till:135 color:era1 text:"[[The Five Ages of the Universe|The Primordial Era]]"
width:53
bar:Dummy3
width:158
bar:Periods align:center shift:(0,0) mark:(line,white)
from:-430 till:-360 color:period1 text:[[Grand unification epoch]]
from:-360 till:-120 color:period2 text:[[Electroweak epoch]]
from:-120 till:-60 color:period1 text:[[Quark epoch]]
from:-60 till:0 shift:(-40,0) align:left color:period2 text:[[Hadron epoch]]
from: 0 till:23 color:period1 text:[[Lepton epoch]]
from: 23 till:131 color:period2 text:[[Photon epoch]]
from:131 till:155 color:period1 text:"[[Timeline of the Big Bang#Dark Ages|Dark Ages]]"
width:53
bar:Dummy4
width:53
mark:(line,purple) textcolor:black fontsize:M
bar:Events color:events align:left shift:(30,-4)
at:-430 shift:(30,-12) text:"[[Planck time]], the smallest theoretically observable ~unit of time and the time before which science is ~unable to describe the universe. At this point, the ~force of gravity separated from the electronuclear ~force."
at:-360 text:"Separation of the strong force from the ~electronuclear force."
from:-360 till:-320 align:left shift:(-55,0) color:time1 text:"[[Inflationary epoch|Inflationary epoch. The Universe expands exponentially]]"
at:-320 shift:(30,4) text:"Reheating after inflation populates universe ~with quarks and anti-quarks."
at:-120 text:"The '''weak''' force separates from the ~electromagnetic force resulting in the four ~separate forces we know today."
at:-60 text:"Quarks become confined within hadrons."
at:-30 mark:(line,white) text:"Formation of hydrogen nuclei."
at:0 text:"Neutrinos cease to interact with other particles."
at:23 shift:(30,-11) text:"Lepton/anti-lepton pairs annihilate."
from:23 till:31 align:center shift:(0,-4) color:time2 text:"[[Big Bang nucleosynthesis]]"
at:31 shift:(30,2) text:"3 to 20 minutes: Formation of helium nuclei"
from:129 till:131 shift:(-114,-2) color:time1 mark:(line,white) text:"[[Timeline of the Big Bang#Recombination: 240,000-310,000 years|Recombination]]"
# at:123 shift:(30,-32) text:"[[Timeline of the Big Bang#Matter domination: 70,000 years|70,000 years: Matter domination]]"
at:123 mark:(line,white) shift:(30,-83) text:"[[Timeline of the Big Bang#Matter domination: 70,000 years|70,000 years: Matter domination]]"
at:131 text:"379,000 years: Hydrogen and helium nuclei ~capture electrons to form stable atoms. Photons ~are no longer able to interact strongly with atoms. ~[[Cosmic microwave background radiation]] streams ~freely."
at:155 text:"100 million years: First star begins to shine."
</timeline>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==More reading==
*{{cite book|title=Big Bang: the most important scientific discovery of all time and why you need to know about it |first=Simon|last=Singh|date=2005|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=9780007152520}}
[[Category:Cosmology]]
[[Category:Astrophysics]]
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