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Chad : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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Mstari 11:
| align="center" colspan=2 | <small>'' [[Hadabu ya Taifa]]: Unité - Travail - Progrès''</small>
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[Picha:LocationChad.svg|thumb|180px|Mahali pa Chad ilipo]]
|-
| '''[[Lugha za Taifa]]'''
Mstari 38:
|}
 
'''Chad''' (pia: '''Chadi''') ni nchi huru iliyoko [[Afrika ya Kati]]. [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Ndjamena]].

Imepakana na [[Libya]], [[Sudan]], [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]], [[Kamerun]], [[Nigeria]] na [[Niger]].
 
[[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Ndjamena]].
 
== Jiografia ==
[[Picha:Cd-map.png|thumb|left|Ramani ya nchi.]]
Sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake ni [[jangwa]] na [[nchi yabisi]]. Katika kusiniKusini kuna [[kanda]] lenye [[hali ya hewa]] ya [[kitropiki]], lakini [[ardhi]] yenye rutba[[rutuba]] inayofaa kwa [[kilimo]] ni [[asilimia]] 3 tu za aenoeneo lake lote tu.
 
Katika kaskaziniKaskazini kuna [[milima ya Tibesti]].

Katikati iko [[beseni]] ya [[Chad (ziwa)|ziwa Chad]] lililokuwa kati ya maziwama[[ziwa]] makubwa kabisa duniani[[dunia]]ni lakini limekondalimepungua sana katika miaka iliyopita.
 
== Historia ==
Katika [[milenia ya 7 KK]] kulikuwa na watu wengi sana katika beseni hiyo.
 
Katika [[historia]] kabla ya [[ukoloni]] watu wa kaskazini waliwafanyia [[vita]] watu wa kusini na kuteka wafungwa kama [[watumwa]]. HadiHivyo hadi leo uhusiano kati ya kusini na kaskazini ya nchi ni mgumu.▼
 
== Watu ==
Wakazi walikuwa 10,329,208 mwaka 2009.
 
Jinsi ilivyo katika nchi mbalimbali za [[kanda la Sahel]] kuna aina mbili za wakazi ndani yake:
 
* Kaskazini wako hasa watu walioathiriwa sana na [[utamaduni]] wa Kiislamu[[Uislamu]] (55% za wakazi wote). Mifano ni [[Waarabu]] (12.3%), [[Wafulbe]], [[Wahaussa]], [[Wazaghawa]] na wenginewengineo. Wengi wao walikuwa [[wafugaji]] na sehemu ya makabilama[[kabila]] inaendelea hadi leo [[maisha ya kuhamahama]].
* Kusini wako hasa watu wanaofuata dini[[Ukristo]] za(40%, jadi[[Wakatoliki]] zawakiwa Kiafrikawengi kidogo kuliko [[Waprotestanti]]) au Ukristo[[dini asilia za Kiafrika]] (1%) kama [[Wasara]] (27.7%). Wengi wao hulima.
 
Kwa jumla leo kuna ma[[kabila]] zaidi ya 200 nchini, kila moja na [[lugha]] yake (angalia [[Orodha ya lugha za Chad|orodha ya lugha]] hizo).
▲Katika historia kabla ya ukoloni watu wa kaskazini waliwafanyia vita watu wa kusini na kuteka wafungwa kama watumwa. Hadi leo uhusiano kati ya kusini na kaskazini ya nchi ni mgumu.
 
[[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kiarabu]] na [[Kifaransa]].
Angalia pia [[Orodha ya lugha za Chad|orodha ya lugha]].
 
== Historia Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}
 
==Marejeo==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{fr icon}} Alphonse, Dokalyo (2003); "{{lang|fr|[http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article235 Cinéma: un avenir plein d'espoir]}}", {{lang|fr|''Tchad et Culture''}} '''214'''.
* "[http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm Background Note: Chad]". September 2006. [[United States Department of State]].
* {{fr icon}} Bambé, Naygotimti (April 2007); "[http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article915 {{lang|fr|Issa Serge Coelo, cinéaste tchadien: ''On a encore du travail à faire''}}]", {{lang|fr|''Tchad et Culture''}} '''256'''.
* Botha, D.J.J. (December 1992); "S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist", ''The South African Journal of Economics'' '''60''' (4): 246–255.
* Boyd-Buggs, Debra & Joyce Hope Scott (1999); ''Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures''. Lawrenceville: Africa World Press. ISBN 0-86543-757-2
* {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Chad |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html |year=2009 |accessdate=28 January 2010}}
* "[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78726.htm Chad]". [[United States' Country Reports on Human Rights Practices|Country Reports on Human Rights Practices]] 2006, 6 March 2007. [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor]], U.S. Department of State.
* "[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41595.htm Chad]". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004, 28 February 2005. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=1&sy=2013&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=628&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Chad |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=18 April 2012}}
* "[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71293.htm Chad]". ''International Religious Freedom Report 2006''. 15 September 2006. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State.
* "[http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/001/2006/en ''Amnesty International Report 2006'']". [[Amnesty International]] Publications.
* "[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/62/38561813.pdf Chad]" (PDF). ''African Economic Outlook 2007''. [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]. May 2007. ISBN 978-92-64-02510-3
* "[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html Chad]". ''[[The World Factbook]]''. United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. 15 May 2007.
* "[http://www.reproductiverights.org/pdf/chad.pdf Chad]" (PDF). ''Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives – Francophone Africa''. Center for Reproductive Rights. 2000
* {{Wayback |date=20110604102856 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/inc/content/pubs/pfs/inc_country_detail.cfm?country=6939&year=2006&pf |title="Chad (2006)"}}. ''Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition''. Freedom House, Inc.
* "[http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument Chad]". Human Rights Instruments. [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]]. 12 December 1997.
* "Chad". ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. (2000). Chicago: [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]
* "Chad, Lake". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. (2000).
* "[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project]" (PDF). 24 September 2002. [[World Bank]].
* {{Wayback |date=20061001212259 |url=http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/chad/chad_eng.pdf |title="Chad: A Cultural Profile"}} (PDF). Cultural Profiles Project. [[Citizenship and Immigration Canada]]. ISBN 0-7727-9102-3
* "[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/23/000104615_20041129133849/Rendered/PDF/PID010Concept0Stage.pdf Chad Urban Development Project]" (PDF). 21 October 2004. World Bank.
* "[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/fullMaps_Af.nsf/luFullMap/387875A9DF1816A78525725F005D5397/$File/chad_final.pdf?OpenElement Chad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007]" (PDF). 8 January 2007. [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]].
* "[http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE389.pdf Chad Livelihood Profiles]" (PDF). March 2005. [[United States Agency for International Development]].
* "[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1997/10/21/000009265_3971229180948/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf Chad Poverty Assessment: Constraints to Rural Development]" (PDF). World Bank. 21 October 1997.
* "[http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6939 Chad (2006)]". ''Country Report: 2006 Edition''. [[Freedom House]], Inc.
* {{Wayback |date=20090113061630 |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Chad_Cameroon/Full.html |title="Chad and Cameroon"}}. Country Analysis Briefs. January 2007. [[Energy Information Administration]].
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4771383.stm Chad leader's victory confirmed]", [[BBC News]], 14 May 2006.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6367545.stm Chad may face genocide, UN warns]", BBC News, 16 February 2007.
* {{fr icon}} Chapelle, Jean (1981); {{lang|fr|''Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne''}}. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-85802-169-4
* [[Anwarul Karim Chowdhury|Chowdhury, Anwarul Karim]] & Sandagdorj Erdenbileg (2006); {{Wayback |date=20090205131921 |url=http://www0.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/ohrlls/UNOHRLLS/new/UserFiles/File/Publications/LLDC/05-33151_geography_sm.pdf |title=''Geography Against Development: A Case for Landlocked Developing Countries''}}. New York: United Nations. ISBN 92-1-104540-1
* Collelo, Thomas (1990); ''[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html Chad: A Country Study]'', 2d ed. Washington: [[United States Government Printing Office|U.S. GPO]]. ISBN 0-16-024770-5
* {{fr icon}} Dadnaji, Dimrangar (1999); {{Wayback |date=20080308024013 |url=http://www.cefod.org/Fichiers%20web/decentralisationtchad.doc |title=''{{lang|fr|La decentralisation au Tchad}}'' }}
*{{cite book|ref=Decalo|author=Decalo, Samuel |year=1987|title=Historical Dictionary of Chad|edition= 2 ed. |publisher=Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press|isbn=0-8108-1937-6}}
* East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); ''Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders''. Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-126-X
* Dinar, Ariel (1995); ''Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs''. World Bank Publications. ISBN 0-8213-3321-6
* {{fr icon}} Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "[http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article231 {{lang|fr|La musique recherche son identité}}]", {{lang|fr|''Tchad et Culture''}} '''214'''.
* [http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR20/004/2001/en "Chad: the Habré Legacy"]. [[Amnesty International]]. 16 October 2001.
* Lange, Dierk (1988). "[http://dierklange.com/pdf/fulltexts/UNESCO_III.pdf The Chad region as a crossroad]" (PDF), in ''UNESCO [[General History of Africa]] – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century'', vol. 3: 436–460. [[University of California Press]]. ISBN 978-0-520-03914-8
* {{fr icon}} [http://www.deltcd.ec.europa.eu/fr/item2_info_docs/Lettre3_a4x10p.pdf {{lang|fr|Lettre d'information}}] (PDF). {{lang|fr|Délégation de la Commission Européenne au Tchad}}. N. 3. September 2004.
* Macedo, Stephen (2006); ''Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law''. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1950-3
* {{fr icon}} Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "[http://www.cefod.org/spip.php?article236 {{lang|fr|Littérature tchadienne : Jeune mais riche}}]", {{lang|fr|''Tchad et Culture''}} '''214'''.
* Manley, Andrew; "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4809420.stm Chad's vulnerable president]", BBC News, 15 March 2006.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5328462.stm Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice]", BBC News, 9 September 2006.
* {{fr icon}} Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005); "[http://www.pep-net.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/files_events/4th_colombo/PMMA/Ndang-pa.pdf {{lang|fr|A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales au Tchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête}}]" (PDF). ''4th PEP Research Network General Meeting''. Poverty and Economic Policy.
* {{cite book|ref=Nolutshungu|author=[[Sam Nolutshungu|Nolutshungu, Sam C.]] |year=1995|title=Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad|publisher= Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press|isbn=0-8139-1628-3}}
* [[Kenneth Pollack|Pollack, Kenneth M.]] (2002); ''Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991''. Lincoln: [[University of Nebraska Press]]. ISBN 0-8032-3733-2
* "[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html Rank Order – Area]". ''The World Factbook''. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 10 May 2007.
* "[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023258.pdf Republic of Chad – Public Administration Country Profile]" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.
* {{fr icon}} {{Wayback |date=20070703022324 |url=http://www.primature-tchad.org/CIRCONSCRIPTIONS.pdf |title={{lang|fr|République du Tchad – Circonscriptions administratives}} }}. [[Government of Chad]].
* Spera, Vincent (8 February 2004);<ref>{{Wayback |date=20071015073734 |url=http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126314e.html |title="Chad Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005"}}. [[United States Department of Commerce]].</ref>
* "[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/D7238E/D7238E03.htm Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries]". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. [[FAO]]. 29 November – 1 December 1972.
* {{fr icon}} "[http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/tchad/contents.html {{lang|fr|Tchad}}]". {{lang|fr|''L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays''}}. [[UNESCO]], Education for All.
* {{fr icon}} "[http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/chad/French%20translations/Chad%20Back%20towards%20War%20French.pdf {{lang|fr|Tchad: vers le retour de la guerre?}}]" (PDF). [[International Crisis Group]]. 1 June 2006.
* Wolfe, Adam; {{Wayback |date=20070105160231 |url=http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=592&language_id=1 |title="Instability on the March in Sudan, Chad and Central African Republic" }}, PINR, 6 December 2006.
* World Bank (14 July 2006). ''[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20994138~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html World Bank, Govt. of Chad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction]''. [[News release|Press release]].
* ''[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database]''. 2006. United Nations Population Division.
* "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4351076.stm Worst corruption offenders named]", BBC News, 18 November 2005.
* Young, Neil (August 2002); ''[http://www.jigsawlounge.co.uk/film/harouninterview.html An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father")]''.
{{refend}}
 
== Viungo vya nje ==
{{commons}}▼
; Vya serikali
* {{fr}} [http://www.primature-tchad.org/ Serikali ya Chad]
* {{fr icon}} [http://www.presidencetchad.org/ Official presidency site]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/chad.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
 
; Vingine
▲{{commons}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|cd|Chad}}
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/tdtoc.html Chad country study] from [[Library of Congress]]
* {{GovPubs|chad}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Chad}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13164686 Chad profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* {{wikiatlas|Chad}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TD Key Development Forecasts for Chad] from [[International Futures]]
 
{{afrikaAfrika}}
{{African Union}}
{{mbegu-jio-Afrika}}
 
[[Jamii:Chad]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Umoja wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia lugha ya Kifaransa]]
[[Jamii:Nchi zinazotumia Kiarabu]]
Rudishwa kutoka "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"