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Mstari 15:
|government_type = [[Ujamaa]] [[republic]]<sup>2</sup> <!--"Socialist republic" is the formal description used by the Encyclopaedia Britannica-->
|leader_titles = [[Rais wa Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|Rais]]<br />[[Waziri Mkuu wa Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|Waziri Mkuu]]
|leader_names = [[Xi Jinping]]<br />[[WenLi JiabaoKeqiang]]
|largest_city = [[Shanghai]]
|area = km² 9,596,960961 km²
|areami² = 3,704705,427407 <sup>2</sup> <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|area_rank = ya 3<sup>3</sup>
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|percent_water = 20.828<sup>2</sup>
|population_estimate = 1,315376,844049,000<sup>4</sup> <!--UN WPP-->
|population_estimate_year = 20062015
|population_estimate_rank = ya 1
|population_census = 1,242339,612724,226852
|population_census_year = 20002010
|population_density = 140145
|population_densitymi² = 363373<sup>(2)</sup> <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = ya 7283 <sup>(2)</sup>
|GDP_nominal = $2.224 [[trillion]]
|GDP_nominal_rank = ya 4
Mstari 57:
|footnotes = <sup>1</sup> Pamoja na Kichina cha Mandarin kile cha [[Kikanton]] ni lugha rasmi katika Hong Kong na Macau. [[Kiingereza]] ni pia lugha rasmi katika [[Hong Kong]] na [[Kireno]] huko [[Macau]]. Vilevile kuna lugha za kieneo yanayotumiwa rasmi kama vile [[Kiuyghur]] huko [[Xinjiang]], [[Kimongolia]] katika jimbo la [[Mongolia ya Ndani]], [[Kitibet]] huko [[Tibet]] na [[Kikorea]] katika mkoa wa Yanbian.<br />
}}
'''China''' (pia: '''Uchina, Sina''') au '''Jamhuri ya Watu wa China,''' ni nchi kubwa ya [[Asia ya Mashariki]] na nchi yenye watu wengi kuliko zote [[duniani]].
 
China imepakana na [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[India]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Urusi]], [[Mongolia]], [[Korea ya Kaskazini]]. Kuna pwani ndefu la [[Bahari ya Kusini ya China]] na [[Bahari ya Mashariki ya China]] ambazo ni [[bahari ya kando]] ya [[Pasifiki]]. [[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Beijing]].
 
Kuna pwani ndefu ya [[Bahari ya Kusini ya China]] na [[Bahari ya Mashariki ya China]] ambazo ni [[bahari ya kando]] ya [[Pasifiki]].
China kuna makabila tofauti 56. Walio wengi (92%) ni [[Wahan]]. Lugha rasmi ni [[Kichina]] cha [[Mandarin]]. Siasa inatawaliwa na [[chama cha kikomunisti]].
 
China kuna ma[[kabila]] tofauti 56. Walio wengi (92%) ni [[Wahan]]. [[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kichina]] cha [[Mandarin]] kinachotumiwa na [[asilimia]] 70 za wananchi.
Mji mkuu ni [[Beijing]] na [[Shanghai]] ni mji mkubwa. [[Hong Kong]] iliyokuwa koloni ya [[Uingereza]] na [[Macau]] iliyokuwa koloni ya [[Ureno]] ni maeneo ya China yenye utawala wa pekee.
 
[[Siasa]] inatawaliwa na [[chama cha kikomunisti]].
[[Taiwan]] na visiwa vingine vya [[Jamhuri ya China]] vinatazamiwa na serikali ya Beijing kuwa majimbo chini yake lakini vimekuwa kama nchi ya pekee tangu 1949.
 
[[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Beijing]] lakini [[Shanghai]] ndio [[mji]] mkubwa.
 
[[Hong Kong]] iliyokuwa [[koloni]] la [[Uingereza]] na [[Macau]] iliyokuwa koloni la [[Ureno]] ni maeneo ya China yenye utawala wa pekee.
 
[[Taiwan]] na [[visiwa]] vingine vya [[Jamhuri ya China]] vinatazamwa na serikali ya Beijing kuwa majimbo chini yake lakini vimekuwa kama nchi ya pekee tangu mwaka [[1949]].
 
== Jiografia ==
China ina eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] 9.6 hivyo ni nchi kubwa ya tatu au ya nne <ref>Baada ya Urusi na Kanada ambazo ni nchi mbili kubwa zaidi, China na [[Marekani]] ni karibu sawa; kama maeneo yanayodaiwa na China bila kukubaliwa na majirani yanahesabiwa mle basobasi China ni kidogo kubwa kidogo kuliko Marekani</ref> duniani.
 
Sura ya nchi inaonyesha tabia tofautitofauti.
Sura ya nchi yake inaonyesha tabia tofautitofauti. Upande wa kaskazini mpakani na Siberia na Mongolia kuna maeneo yabisi pamoja na [[jangwa la Gobi]]. Kinyume chake upande wa kusini mpakani wa [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]] na [[Burma]] hali ya hewa ni nusutropiki yenye mvua nyingi unaolisha misitu minene. Sehemu za magharibi zina milima mingi ambayo ni kati ya milima mirefu duniani kama [[Himalaya]] na [[Tian Shan]]. Mashariki ya nchi huwa na tambarare zenye rutba na hapa ndipo kanda lenye wakazi wengi. Pwani za bahari zinapakana na [[Bahari ya Kusini ya China]] na [[Bahari ya Mashariki ya China]].
 
Upande wa [[kaskazini]], mpakani na [[Siberia]] na Mongolia, kuna maeneo yabisi pamoja na [[jangwa la Gobi]].
Upana wa China kati ya kaskazini na kusini ni [[kilomita]] 4,200 na kati ya mashariki na magharibi ni kilomita 4,200. Pwani lina urefu wa kilomita 14,400.
 
Kinyume chake upande wa [[kusini]], mpakani wa [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]] na [[Burma]], [[hali ya hewa]] ni [[nusutropiki]] yenye [[mvua]] nyingi inayolisha [[misitu]] minene.
Kuna mito mikubwa; mrefu zaidi ni [[Yangtse]] (6,300&nbsp;km), Hwangho au [[Mto Njano]], Xi Jiang au mto wa Magharibi, [[Mekong]], [[Mto wa Lulu]], [[Brahmaputra]] na [[Amur]]. Mito hii yote ina vyanzo vyao katika milima mikubwa penye [[usimbishaji]] mwingi ikibeba maji kwenda tambarare pasipo na mvua nyingi. Jiografia hii ilikuwa chanzo cha kilimo cha umwagiliaji na kukua kwa madola ya kwanza.
 
Sehemu za [[magharibi]] zina [[milima]] mingi ambayo ni kati ya milima mirefu duniani kama [[Himalaya]] na [[Tian Shan]].
Kutokana na madawa ya kilimo na maji machafu ya viwanda mito na maziwa ya China hupambana na machafuko makali; mwaka 2007 ziwa Tai lilisafishwa kwa gharama kubwa mno kwa sababu maji hayakufaa tena kwa mahitaji ya maji ya bomba.
 
[[Mashariki]] ya nchi huwa na [[tambarare]] zenye [[rutuba]] na hapa ndipo kanda lenye wakazi wengi.
== Hali ya hewa ==
[[Picha:China precipitation.jpg|thumbnail|left|180px|Kanda za usimbishaji za China]]
Kuna kanda 18 za hali ya hewa zonazoonyesha tofauti kubwa kati yao. Upande wa magharibi, kaskazini na kaskazini-mashariki huwa na majira yenye joto kali na baridi kali. Upande wa kusini ina tabia ya [[tropiki]] au nusutropiki. Tibet huwa na hali ya hewa kulingana na kimo chake juu ya mita 4,000.
Ramani ya usimbishaji inaonyesha ya kwamba kilimo kinawezekana katika nusu ya kusini na kusini-mashariki ya nchi tu. Upande wa kaskazini na magharibi mvua ni mkidogo mno. Mstari mwekundu unaonyesha mpaka na juu yake usimbishaji ni chini milimita 390 kwa mwaka.
 
[[Upana]] wa China kati ya kaskazini na kusini ni [[kilomita]] 4,200 na kati ya mashariki na magharibi ni kilomita 4,200.
== Wakazi ==
China ina wakazi milioni 1,300 ni nchi yenye watu wengi duniani. Historia yake yote iliona tena na tena vipindi vya njaa kutokana na idadi kubwa ya watu wake. Msongamano wa watu kwa wastani ni wakazi 135 kwenye kila kilomita ya mraba. Lakini tofauti ziko kubwa kati ya miji mikubwa ambako milioni 115 wanakaa kwenye eneo la 50,000&nbsp;km² na Tibet penye watu 2 tu kwa kilomita ya mraba.
 
Pwani ina [[urefu]] wa kilomita 14,400.
Wakazi walio wengi ni Wahan au Wachina wenyewe. Wanatumia lahaja za lugha ya [[Kichina]]. Pamoja na Wahan kuna makabila 55 yaliyotambuliwa na serikali.
 
Kuna [[mito]] mikubwa; mrefu zaidi ni [[Yangtse]] ([[km]] 6,300), Hwangho au [[Mto Njano]], [[Xi Jiang]] au mto wa Magharibi, [[Mekong]], [[Mto wa Lulu]], [[Brahmaputra]] na [[Amur]]. Mito hiyo yote ina vyanzo vyake katika milima mikubwa yenye [[usimbishaji]] mwingi, ikibeba [[maji]] kwenda tambarare pasipo mvua nyingi.
Zaidi ya asilimia 90 za wakazi wote wanakaa katika theluthi ya kusini-mashariki ya nchi penye mvua ya kutosha. Ndani ya theluthi hili ni nusu ya Wachina wote wanaosongamana kwenye asilimia 10 za China yote maana yake katika 10% hizi kuna msongamano wa watu 740 kwa km².
 
Jiografia hiyo ilikuwa chanzo cha [[kilimo cha umwagiliaji]] na kukua kwa ma[[dola]] ya kwanza.
 
Kutokana na madawa ya kilimo na maji machafu ya [[viwanda]] mito na [[Ziwa|maziwa]] ya China hupambana na machafuko makali; mwaka [[2007]] [[ziwa Tai]] lilisafishwa kwa [[gharama]] kubwa mno kwa sababu maji hayakufaa tena kwa mahitaji ya maji ya [[bomba]].
 
== Hali ya hewa ==
[[Picha:China precipitation.jpg|thumbnail|left|180px|Kanda za usimbishaji za China]]
Kuna kanda 18 za hali ya hewa zinazoonyesha tofauti kubwa kati yake. Upande wa magharibi, kaskazini na kaskazini-mashariki huwa na [[majira]] yenye [[joto kali]] na [[baridi kali]]. Upande wa kusini ina tabia ya [[tropiki]] au nusutropiki. Tibet huwa na hali ya hewa kulingana na kimo chake juu ya mita 4,000.
[[Ramani]] ya usimbishaji inaonyesha ya kwamba [[kilimo]] kinawezekana katika nusu ya kusini na kusini-mashariki ya nchi tu. Upande wa kaskazini na magharibi mvua ni ndogo mno. Mstari mwekundu unaonyesha mpaka na juu yake usimbishaji ni chini ya [[milimita]] 390 kwa [[mwaka]].
 
== Historia ==
[[Historia ya China]] huganwanyikahugawanyika katika vipindi vya [[Orodha ya nasaba za Kichina|nasaba za kifalme]] mbalimbali. Vipindi muhimu zaidi ni kama zifuatazo:
* [[Nasaba ya Qin]] (221–207[[221 KK|221]] – [[207 KK]])
* [[Nasaba ya Han]] ([[206 KK–220KK]] – [[220]] [[BK]])
* Kipindi cha milki tatu (220–280220 – [[280]])
* [[Nasaba ya Jin]] (265–420[[265]] – [[420]])
* Kipindi cha nasaba za kusini na kaskazini (420–581420 – [[581]])
* [[Nasaba ya Sui]] (581–618581 – [[618]])
* [[Nasaba ya Tang]] (618–907618 – [[907]])
* Nasaba tano na milki kumi (907–960907 – [[960]])
* [[Nasaba ya Song]] (960–1279960 – [[1279]])
* [[Nasaba ya Yuan]] (1279 - [[1368]])
* [[Nasaba ya Ming]] (1368 - [[1644]])
* [[Nasaba ya Qing]] (1644 - [[1911]])
 
Utawala wa kifalme uliendelea hadi [[mapinduzi ya Kichina ya 1911]].
 
Baada ya kipindi cha mvurugovurugu jamhuri ya China ilitawaliwa na chama cha [[Kuomintang]] chini ya [[rais]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]].

Wakati wa [[vita kuu ya pili ya dunia]] sehemu kubwa ilitwaliwa na [[Japani]]. Katika wakatiWakati huuhuo [[Chama cha Kikomunisti cha China]] kilijengakiliandaa [[jeshi]] kikapambana na serikali ya Kuomintang na Japani pia.

Baada ya mwisho wa vita kuu [[Wakomunisti]] waliendelea kupingana na serikali na mwaka 1949 Kuomintang ilishindwa. Wakomunisti chichini ya [[Mao Zedong]] walianza kutawala China Bara kama Jamhuri ya Watu wa China na Kuomintang walikimbiawalikimbilia kisiwa cha Taiwan walipoendelea kutawala kama "[[Jamhuri ya China]]".
 
== Siasa ==
[[Serikali]] ya China inatawala kwenyekwa [[mfumo]] wa [[udikteta]] chini ya uongozi wa Chama cha Kikomunisti ya China. Kuna vyama vidogo lakini hivi havina umuhimu wowotewowoteː vinasimamiwa na Wakomunisti, halisihivyo hali halisi ni mfumo wa [[chama kimoja]].
 
Kikatiba chombo kikuu ni [[Bunge]] la umma la China linalomchagua rais, serikali, [[mahakama kuu]], kamati kuu ya kijeshi na [[mwanasheria mkuu]]. Lakini hali halisi maazimio yote ya bunge ni utekelezaji tu wa aazimiomaazimio ya uongozi wa chama cha kikomunistiKikomunisti.
 
Uongozi huuhuo ni kundi dogo la wakubwa wa chama na [[jeshi]]. Mwanasiasa muhimu ni mwenyekiti [[HuXi JintaoJinping]]. Kwa sasa yeye anaunganisha vyeo vya [[Katibu Mkuu]] wa Chama cha Kikomunisti, Rais wa Jamhuri ya Watu wa China na mwenyekiti wa Kamati Kuu ya Kijeshi. Alichaguliwa mwaka 2002 kuwa Katibu Mkuu cha chama lakini hakuwa mwenyekiti wa kamati ya kijeshi hadi 2004. Kwa jumla katika mapokeo ya kikoministikikomunisti vyeo vya chama ni muhimu kuliko vyeo vya serikali ingawa katiba na sheria inasema tofauti.
 
Kuna pia "maeneo yenye utawala wa pekee" ambayo ni [[Hongkong]] na [[MacaoMacau]]. Katika miji hiihiyo miwili, iliyokuwa kolinimakoloni zaya Uingereza na Ureno, kuna [[uhuru wa kisiasa]] na wa majarida[[uandishi]], [[uchaguzi huru]] na [[upinzani]] kamili lakini maeneo yana tu [[madaraka]] kadhaa ya kujitawala kwa mambo ya ndani.
 
== Watu ==
China ikiwa na wakazi milioni 1,376 ni nchi yenye watu wengi zaidi duniani. [[Historia]] yake yote iliona tena na tena vipindi vya [[njaa]] kutokana na idadi kubwa ya watu wake. [[Msongamano]] wa watu kwa [[wastani]] ni wakazi 145 kwenye kila [[kilomita ya mraba]]. Lakini tofauti ziko kubwa kati ya miji mikubwa ambako milioni 115 wanakaa kwenye eneo la km² 50,000 na Tibet yenye watu 2 tu kwa kilomita ya mraba.
 
Zaidi ya [[asilimia]] 90 za wakazi wote wanakaa katika [[theluthi]] ya kusini-mashariki ya nchi yenye mvua ya kutosha. Ndani ya theluthi hiyo ni nusu ya Wachina wote wanaosongamana kwenye asilimia 10 za China yote, maana yake katika 10% hizi kuna msongamano wa watu 740 kwa km².
 
Wakazi walio wengi ni [[Wahan]] au Wachina wenyewe. Wanatumia hasa [[lahaja]] mbalimbali za [[lugha]] ya [[Kichina]]. Pamoja na Wahan kuna ma[[kabila]] 55 yaliyotambuliwa na [[serikali]]. Kwa jumla [[lugha hai]] ni 292 ambazo zinahusika na makundi mbalimbali ya lugha.
 
Serikali inafuata rasmi [[ukanamungu]], lakini inaruhusu [[dini]] kwa kiasi fulani. Pamoja na hayo, dhuluma zinaendelea dhidi ya [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali. Takwimu hazieleweki, pia kwa sababu kabla ya Ukomunisti kupinga dini, hasa wakati wa [[Mapinduzi ya utamaduni]], watu waliweza kuchanganya mafundisho na [[desturi]] za [[Ukonfusio]], [[Utao]] na [[Ubuddha]]. Leo wanaoendelea kufanya hivyo wanakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 30-80 za wakazi. Wabuddha ni 6-16%, [[Wakristo]] (hasa [[Waprotestanti]], halafu [[Wakatoliki]] na kidogo [[Waorthodoksi]]) ni 2-4%, [[Waislamu]] ni 1-2%.
 
== Tazama pia ==
Line 123 ⟶ 147:
* [[Orodha ya nasaba za Kichina]]
 
== Marejeo Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}
 
== Marejeo ==
{{mbegu-jio-China}}
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{{refend}}
 
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* {{cite book | last = Overmyer | first = Daniel L. | year = 2009 | title = Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century the Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden; Boston | url = http://cnqzu.com/library/To%20Organize/Books/Brill%20Ebooks/Brill._Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/Brill.%20Handbook%20of%20Oriental%20Studies/Local_Religion_in_North_China_in_the_Twentieth_Century__Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies_.pdf | isbn = 9789047429364 | ref = harv}}
* Overmyer, Daniel. ''Religion in China Today''. Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0521538238
* Palmer, David A., Glenn Landes Shive, Glenn Shive, Philip L. Wickeri. ''Chinese Religious Life''. Oxford University Press, 2011. ISBN 0199731381
* Palmer, D. A. ''[http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/139685/1/Content.pdf?accept=1 Chinese Redemptive Societies and Salvationist Religion: Historical Phenomenon or Sociological Category?]''. On: ''Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore'', V. 172, 2011, p.&nbsp;21-72
* Pas, Julian F. ''Historical Dictionary of Taoism''. Part of: ''Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series''. Scarecrow Press, 2014. ASIN: B00IZ9E7EI
* Ruokanen, Miikka, Paulos Zhanzhu Huang. ''Christianity and Chinese Culture''. William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2011. ISBN 0802865569
* [[Barry Sautman|Sautman, Barry]]. ''Myths of Descent, Racial Nationalism and Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of China''. In: Frank Dikötter. ''The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives''. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, 1997, pp.&nbsp;75–95. ISBN 9622094430
* Shahar, Meir, Robert Paul Weller. ''Unruly Gods: Divinity and Society in China''. University of Hawaii Press, 1996. ISBN 0824817249
* Shen, Qingsong, Kwong-loi Shun. ''Confucian Ethics in Retrospect and Prospect''. Council for Research in Values & Philosophy, 2007. ISBN 1565182456
* Shi, Yilong. ''The Spontaneous Religious Practices of Han Chinese Peoples — Shenxianism'' (中国汉人自发的宗教实践 — 神仙教). On: ''Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences)'' (中南民族大学学报 — 人文社会科学版), Vol. 28, No. 3, 2008.
* Teiser, Stephen F.''[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/bgov/cosmos.htm The Chinese Cosmos: Basic Concepts]'', extracts from: Stephen F. Teiser. ''The Spirits of Chinese Religion''. In: ''Religions of China in Practice''. Princeton University Press, 1996.
* Thien Do. ''Vietnamese Supernaturalism: Views from the Southern Region''. Series: ''Anthropology of Asia''. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0415307996
* Wang, Robin R. ''Chinese Philosophy in an Era of Globalization''. State University of New York Press, 2004. ISBN 0791460061
* Yang, Fenggang, Graeme Lang. ''Social Scientific Studies of Religion in China''. Brill, 2012. ISBN 9004182462
* {{cite book | last = Yang | first = Mayfair Mei-hui | year = 2007 | authorlink = | title = Ritual Economy and Rural Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics | url = http://www.religion.ucsb.edu/Faculty/yangm_files/23CulturalPolitics.pdf | ref= harv}} Chapter of: David Held, Henrietta Moore. ''Cultural Politics in a Global Age: Uncertainty, Solidarity and Innovation'', Oxford: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1851685502
* Yao, Xinzhong. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GuINLKnJp0AC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach]''. Bloomsbury Academic, 2011. ISBN 1847064760
* Payette, Alex. ''[http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_30036.pdf Shenzhen's Kongshengtang: Religious Confucianism and Local Moral Governance]''. Part of: ''Role of Religion in Political Life'', Panel RC43, 23rd World Congress of Political Science, 19–24 July 2014.
* Pregadio, Fabrizio. ''The Encyclopedia of Taoism'', 2 vol. Routledge, 2008. ISBN 9780700712007
* Tay, Wei Leong. ''[http://utcp.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publications/pdf/UTCPBooklet17_08_Tay.pdf Kang Youwei: The Martin Luther of Confucianism and His Vision of Confucian Modernity and Nation]''. In: Haneda Masashi, ''Secularization, Religion and the State'', University of Tokyo Center for Philosophy, 2010.
* Xie, Zhibin. ''Religious Diversity and Public Religion in China''. Ashgate Publishing, 2006. ISBN 9780754656487
* Zhou, Jixu. ''[http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp167_old_chinese_proto_indo_european.pdf Old Chinese “*tees” and Proto-Indo-European “*deus”: Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics]''. On: ''[[Sino-Platonic Papers]]'', n. 167, 2005. Victor H. Mair, University of Pennsylvania.
 
===Marejeo mengine===
* Bays, Daniel H. ''Christianity in China from the Eighteenth Century to the Present.'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996). ISBN 0804726094.
* Ch'en, Kenneth K. S. ''Buddhism in China, a Historical Survey.'' (Princeton, N.J.,: Princeton University Press, The Virginia and Richard Stewart Memorial Lectures, 1961, 1964).
*[http://www.umass.edu/wsp/sinology/persons/degroot.html De Groot, J.J.M. (Jan Jakob Maria)], [http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/groot_jjm_de/religious_system_of_china/religious_system.html ''The Religious System of China: Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs and Social Institutions Connected Therewith''], Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1892–1910. 6 volumes.
* Overmyer, Daniel L. ''Religions of China: The World as a Living System.'' (New York: Harper & Row, Religious Traditions of the World, 1986).
* {{Cite book | first=Jordan D.| last=Paper | year=1995 | title=The Spirits are Drunk: Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion | publisher=State University of New York Press | location=Albany, New York | isbn=0791423158}}
* [[Arthur F. Wright|Wright, Arthur F.]]. ''Buddhism in Chinese History.'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959; various reprints and translations).
* Yang, CK., ''Religion in Chinese Society'' (California U. Press, 1970)
* [[Xinzhong Yao]] and Yanxia Zhao, ''Chinese Religion'' (Continuum, 2010)
 
==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons|China}}<!-- -->
* [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html China at a Glance] from ''[[People's Daily]]''
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017877 BBC News – China Profile]
* {{CIA World Factbook link|ch|China}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/china.htm China, People's Republic of] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{Dmoz|Regional/Asia/China}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China China]'s ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' entry
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm "Rethinking 'Capitalist Restoration' in China"] by Yiching Wu
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CN Key Development Forecasts for China] from [[International Futures]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110121002102/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/china/ "China on the Rise"]. PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005.
* [http://www.chinatoday.com/ ChinaToday.com]
 
;Serikali
* [http://english.gov.cn/ The Central People's Government of People's Republic of China]
* [http://www.china.org.cn/ China Internet Information Center] —Authorized government portal site to China
 
;Masomo
* [http://www.ifri.org/en/publications/enotes/proliferation-papers/assertive-pragmatism-chinas-economic-rise-and-its-impact "Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy"]. Minxin Pei (2006). IFRI Proliferation Papers. No. 15.
 
;Utalii
* [http://www.cnto.org/ China National Tourist Office] (CNTO)
 
;Ramani
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=China&ll=30.600094,103.710938&spn=64.10009,177.1875&om=1 Google Maps—China]
* {{Wikiatlas|the People's Republic of China}}
 
;Dini
* [http://www.chinabuddhism.com.cn/ Buddhist Association of China]
*[http://www.rujiazg.com/ China Confucian Philosophy]
*[http://www.rjzg.net/ China Confucian Religion]
* [http://www.chinakongmiao.org/ China Confucian Temples]
* [http://www.taoist.org.cn/ Chinese Taoist Association]
* [http://zumiao.jguo.cn/ China Ancestral Temples Network]
* [http://www.simiao.net/ China Temples and Monasteries Network]
* ''[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/bgov/intro.htm Living in the Chinese Cosmos]'', Asia for Educators, Columbia University.
 
;Media
* Euraxess Science Slam: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9wmseHCqv8 Meihuaquan and Community Life in North China]
* eRenlai Ricci: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGN7-IvjeAg The boundary between religion and the state in China by Prof. Lagerwey]
* GBTimes: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEWVG3X0XV4 THE DEBATE: Insight into religion in modern China (part 1)]—[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QN4dnEDwLGU Part 2]
* Berkeley Center: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yM3icit9t5w Ritual Economy and Religious Revivial in Rural Southeast China]
* Berkeley Center: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyJSGDWHkUY Secularization Theory and the Study of Chinese Religions]
* Berkeley Center: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5Tik67VjPc Understanding Contemporary Religious Pluralism in China]
 
{{Coord|35|N|103|E|type:country|display=title}}
 
{{Asia}}
{{mbegu-jio-China}}
 
[[Jamii:Uchina| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]]
Rudishwa kutoka "https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Watu_wa_China"