Utoaji mimba : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

'''Utoaji mimba''' au '''Uavyaji wa mimba''' ni tendo la [[hiari]] la [[uuaji|kuua]] [[mimba]] iliyokwishatungwa [[tumbo la uzazi|tumboni]] mwa [[mwanamke]]. Unaweza kufanywa naye au na watu wengine kwa [[kibali]] chake au bila ya hicho.

[[Sababu]] zinaweza kuwa mbalimbali: [[hatari]] kwa [[uhai]] wa [[ujauzito|mjamzito]], [[haya]] kwa tendo lililotunga mimba kinyume cha [[maadili]], hali ya [[uchumi]], [[ulemavu]] wa [[mama]] au wa mimba, [[ubaguzi wa jinsia]] n.k.

Mimba inaweza kutolewaikatolewa kwa hiari kwa njia nyingi. Namna iliyochaguliwa hutegemea hasa [[umri]] wa [[kiinitete]] au [[kijusi]], ambacho hukua kwa [[ukubwa]] kadiri siku zinavyopita. <ref> Menikoff, Jerry. [http://books.google.com/books?id=2jXOYv3X8zsC&amp;pg=PA78&amp;dq=size+fetus+abortion+technique&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3&amp;ei=MymmSayEFJaQyATt6JiUDg Law and Bioethics,] uk. 78 (Georgetown University Press 2001): "As the fetus grows in size, however, the vacuum aspiration method becomes increasingly difficult to use."</ref>

[[Mbinu]] inaweza kuchaguliwaikachaguliwa kulingana na uhalalisho wa utoaji mimba, upatikanaji, na uamuzi wa [[daktari]] na [[mjamzito]].

Utoaji mimba ambao unatumia [[dawa]] huchangia 10% ya utoaji mimba wote ndani yahuko [[Marekani]] na [[Ulaya]].

Katika [[wiki]] 12 za kwanza, ufyonzaji au kuavya kwa [[uvutaji ombwe]] ndiyo mbinu inayotumika sana.

Utanuaji na ukwanguaji ni njia ya pili inayotumiwa sana katika uavyaji mimba, ni utaratibu wa wastani wa [[ginakolojia|kiginakolojia]] unaofanywa kwa sababu mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[uchunguzi]] wa [[uvimbe]] wowote hatari katika ukuta wa [[mfuko wa uzazi]], uchunguzi wa [[utokaji damu]] usiokuwa wa kawaida na utoaji wa mimba.

Mbinu nyingine lazima zitumike tu kuavya mimba katika miezi mitatu ya pili ya ujauzito. [[Uzazi]] wa kabla ya kipindi kuwadia unaweza kuchochewa kwa kutumia dawa zinazotoa mimba; hii inaweza kuambatanishwa na kudungwa [[sindano]] iliyo na mchanganyiko wa [[toni ya misuli]] (haipatoni) pamoja na [[chumvi]] au [[urea]] kwenye majimaji ya [[amnioni]].

Baada ya wiki 16 za ujauzito, uavyaji mimba unaweza kusababishwa kwa utanuaji na uchopoaji kamili, yaani ugandamuaji wa [[fuvu la kichwa]] kizazini, ambao huhitaji ugandamuaji wa fuvu la kichwa cha kijusi kabla ya kuchopolewa. Wakati mwingine huitwa "uzazi mdogo wa utoaji mimba", ambao imepigwaumepigwa [[marufuku]] nchini Marekani.

Utoaji mimba kwa njia ya [[histerotomia]] ni utaratibu sawa na [[upasuaji]] wa sehemu na unafanya kazi chini ya [[dawa ya usingizi]] kwawa ujumla. Huhitaji [[upasuaji mdogo]] ukilinganishwa na [[upasuaji mkubwa]] na hutumika wakati ujauzito ukiwa kwenye [[hatua]] za mwisho.

Kutoka wiki ya 20 mpaka ya 23 ya [[umri]] wa mimba, sindano ya kuzuia moyo wa kichanga inaweza kutumikaikatumika kama awamu ya kwanza ya utoaji mimba kwa taratibu za kiupasuaji<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bhide A, Sairam S, Hollis B, Thilaganathan B |title=Comparison of feticide carried out by cordocentesis versus cardiac puncture |journal=Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=230–232 |year=2002 |month=Septemba |pmid=12230443 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00797.x |accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Vause S, Sands J, Johnston TA, Russell S, Rimmer S |title=Could some fetocides be avoided by more prompt referral after diagnosis of fetal abnormality? |journal=J Obstet Gynaecol |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=243–245 |year=2002 |month=Mei |pmid=12521492 |doi=10.1080/01443610220130490 |url=http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&doi=10.1080/01443610220130490&magic=pubmed&#124;&#124;1B69BA326FFE69C3F0A8F227DF8201D0 |accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Dommergues M, Cahen F, Garel M, Mahieu-Caputo D, Dumez Y |title=Feticide during second- and third-trimester termination of pregnancy: opinions of health care professionals |journal=Fetal. Diagn. Ther. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=91–97 |year=2003 |pmid=12576743 |doi=10.1159/000068068 |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=fdt18091 |accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Bhide A, Sairam S, Hollis B, Thilaganathan B |title=Comparison of feticide carried out by cordocentesis versus cardiac puncture |journal=Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=230–232 |year=2002 |month=Septemba |pmid=12230443 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00797.x |accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Senat MV, Fischer C, Bernard JP, Ville Y |title=The use of lidocaine for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy |journal=BJOG |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=296–300 |year=2003 |month=Machi |pmid=12628271 |doi= 10.1046/j.1471-0528.2003.02217.x|url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1470-0328&date=2003&volume=110&issue=3&spage=296 |accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |author=Senat MV, Fischer C, Ville Y |title=Funipuncture for fetocide in late termination of pregnancy |journal=Prenat. Diagn. |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=354–356 |year=2002 |month=Mei |pmid=12001185 |doi=10.1002/pd.290 |accessdate=2008-12-03}}</ref> na kuhakikisha kwamba kijusi si kizaliwa hai. <ref>{{cite book |author=Nuffield Council on Bioethics |chapter=Clinical perspectives (Continued) |chapterurl=http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/go/browseablepublications/criticalCareDecisionFetalNeonatalMedicine/report_542.html |accessdate=2008-12-03 |title=Critical Case Decisions in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine: Ethical Issues |publisher=Nuffield Council on Bioethics |location= |year=2006 |isbn=1-904384-14-5 |oclc=85782378}}</ref>

KihistoriaKi[[historia]], [[idadi]] ya [[mimea ]] inayosadikika kuna na uwezo wa kutoa mimba zimetumika katika dawautabibu yawa asili: [[tansia]], [[penniroyali]], [[kohoshi mweusi]], na [[silifiamu]] iliyopo sasa. <ref name="riddle2">{{cite book |first=John M. |last=Riddle |title=Eve's herbs: a history of contraception and abortion in the West |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |year=1997 |pages= |isbn=0-674-27024-X |oclc=36126503}}{{Page needed|date=Agosti 2010}}</ref> Matumizi ya [[mitishamba]] kwa namna fulani yanaweza kusababisha sana-hata-Madhara madhara yaletayo [[kifo]], kama vile kushindwa kwa [[viungo]] mbalimbali vya [[mwili]], na hazipendekezwi na daktari. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ciganda C, Laborde A |title=Herbal infusions used for induced abortion |journal=J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=235–239 |year=2003 |pmid=12807304 |doi=10.1081/CLT-120021104 |url= |accessdate=2008-12-04}}</ref>

Utoaji mimba wakati mwingine ni kujaribu na kusababisha [[athari]] ya [[maumivu]] ya tumbo. [[Kiwango]] cha nguvu, kikiwa kikali, kinaweza kusababisha [[jeraha|majeraha]] makubwa ndani bila ya ulazima wa mimba kutoka.

Katika [[Asia ya Kusini]], kuna [[mapokeo]] ya kujaribu kutoa mimba kwa kuchua [[tumbo]] kwa nguvu. Moja ya [[bango|mabango]] laya [[michoro]] laya [[pambo|mapambo]] ya [[hekalu]] la [[Angkor Wat]] katika [[Cambodia]] inaonyeshalinaonyesha [[pepo]] likifanya utoaji mimba kwa mwanamke ambaye alimtuma kutoka [[kuzimu]].

Mbinu nyingine iliyoripotiwa ya utoaji mimba wa kujitegemea ni pamoja na matumizi mabaya ya dawa inayofanana na vichocheo vya mwili yaani [[misoprostoli]], na uingizaji wa vifaa visivyo vya kiupasuaji kama [[sindano za kufumia]] na [[kiango]] cha [[nguo]] ndani ya mji wa mimba.

Utoaji mimba unaweza kuwa chini ya [[dhima]] ya [[kosa la jinai|makosa ya jinai]] katika nchi nyingimbalimbali. Lakini siku hizi katika [[nchi]] nyingi [[utoaji mimba]] umehalalishwa na ma[[bunge]] na umekuwa ukichangiwa na [[serikali]].

Kwa njia hiyo kila [[mwaka]] watoto [[milioni]] mia na zaidi wanaangamizwa kwa [[ukatili]] wasizaliwe, bila ya kuhesabu wale wanaouawa na [[vidonge]], [[sindano]], [[poda]], [[vitanzi]] na [[vipandikizi]], pengine bila ya wahusika kujua wala kutambua kilichotokea, kwa kuwa hivyo vinatangazwa kama njia za [[uzazi wa mpango]] unaopangaunaoratibu upatikanaji wa [[mimba]], kumbe [[ukweli]] ni kwamba vinaua mimba zilizokwishaumbwa, mbali ya kwamba vinaharibu [[afya]] ya akina [[mama]].

Katika [[historia]] utoaji mimba umekuwa [[chanzo]] cha [[mjadala]] mkubwa unaotatanisha miongoni mwa wanaharakati. Msimamo wa mtu kuhusu suala hilo na mengine tata upande wa [[maadili]], [[falsafa]], [[biolojia]] na [[sheria]], mara nyingi huhusiana na [[mfumo]] wa maadili wa mtu huyo.