Dini : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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Mstari 4:
3.: Ubuddha - Usikhi - Ujaini - Ujaini<br />
4.: Ayyavali - Upagani mpya - Msalaba wa chuma - Msalaba wa Kislavoni</small>]]
'''Dini''' (kutoka [[Kiarabu]] '''اﻟدﻴن''', ''tamka: ad-din'') inamaanisha jumla ya [[imani]] ya [[binadamu]] kadhaa pamoja na mafundisho wanayotoa kuhusu yale ambayo wanayazingatia ama kuyasadiki, yaani mambo ya [[roho]], kama vile kuhusiana na [[Mungu]], [[maisha]] na [[uumbaji]].
 
[[Ibada]] ni [[nguzo]] mojawapo iliyo dhahiri miongoni mwa dini kadhaa katika kuunganisha dhamira za mwenye kushika dini na [[mhimili]] wa imani, lakini dini inahusu pia mafundisho kuhusu [[maadili]], mema na mabaya, imani na jinsi ya kushiriki katika jumuiya za waumini.
'''Dini''' (kutoka [[Kiarabu]] '''اﻟدﻴن''', ''tamka ad-din'') inamaanisha jumla ya [[imani]] ya [[binadamu]] kadhaa pamoja na mafundisho wanayotoa kuhusu yale ambayo wanayazingatia ama kuyasadiki, yaani mambo ya [[roho]], kama vile kuhusiana na [[Mungu]], maisha na [[uumbaji]].
 
Kwa maana nyingine "dini" inataja jina kielelezo juu ya aina mbalimbali za imani jinsi inavyopatikana duniani, yaani jumuiya za kidini.
[[Ibada]] ni nguzo mojawapo iliyo dhahiri miongoni mwa dini kadhaa katika kuunganisha dhamira za mwenye kushika dini na mhimili wa imani, lakini dini inahusu pia mafundisho kuhusu [[maadili]], mema na mabaya, imani na jinsi ya kushiriki katika jumuiya za waumini.
 
Kwa maana nyingine "dini" inataja jina kielelezo juu ya aina mbalimbali za imani jinsi inavyopatikana duniani, yaani jumuiya za kidini.
==Tunatakiwa tumtumikie mungu kwenye shida na raha pia tumkumbuke mungu wakati wote.
== Dini kama jumuiya kubwa ==
[[File:Worldwide percentage of Adherents by Religion.png|thumb|450px|Dini kuu na [[asilimia]] ya wafuasi kati ya watu wote [[duniani]].]]
 
Dini kwa maana hiyo yenye wafuasi wengi duniani ni:
* [[Ukristo]]
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== Dini au Falsafa? ==
 
Hasa [[Asia]] ya Mashariki zimetokea mafundisho ambayo mara huhesabiwa kati ya dini mara kati ya [[falsafa]]. Mifano yake ni:
* Mafundisho ya [[Konfutse]] (Confucius)
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== Dini mpya ==
 
[[Historia]] inajua pia dini zilizotokea mara kwa mara katika nchi mbalimbali. Mfano wa dini iliyoanzishwa katika [[karne ya 19]] na kusambaa kote duniani ni [[Baha'i]]. Kuna mifano mingi mingine. Si rahisi kuzitaja zote.
* Kundi la "[[Scientology]]" ni mfano wa kundi dogo lililoangaliwa sana kwa sababu wafuasi kadhaa ni watu maarufu [[Marekani]] na [[Ulaya]] kutokana na [[filamu]] au [[magazeti]].
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== Elimu ya Dini ==
 
Kuna masomo mbalimbali ambayo huangalia na kuchunguza dini kwa kutumia mbinu za kitaaluma. Kati ya hizo kuna:
 
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* [[Ulinganisho wa dini]] unatazama hasa mafundisho na hali halisi ya dini mbalimbali jinsi zinavyofanana au kutofautiana: kwa mfano fundisho la Mungu mmoja katika Uyahudi-Ukristo-Uislamu-Uhindu; au fundisho la [[maono ya kiroho]] katika [[umistiki]] (Ukristo), [[kabbala]] (Uyahudi), [[usufi]] (Uislamu), [[tantra]] (Uhindi, Ubuddha).
* [[Ukosoaji wa dini]] uko karibu na falsafa ya dini ukiwa na mwelekeo wa kuuliza maswali, kutamka wasiwasi, kuchunguza madai ya matamshi ya dini kulingana na misingi ya [[akili]] ya binadamu.
 
==Marejeo==
{{refbegin}}
;Ya awali
* [[Augustino wa Hippo|Saint Augustine]]; ''The Confessions of Saint Augustine'' (John K. Ryan translator); Image (1960), ISBN 0-385-02955-1.
* [[Laozi|Lao Tzu]]; ''Tao Te Ching'' (Victor H. Mair translator); Bantam (1998).
* [[Biblia]]
* [[Kurani]]
* ''The Origin of Live & Death'', African Creation Myths; Heinemann (1966).
* ''Poems of Heaven and Hell from Ancient Mesopotamia''; Penguin (1971).
* ''Selected Work'' [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]]
* [[Katiba ya Marekani]]
 
;Ya baadaye
* Barzilai, Gad; ''Law and Religion''; The International Library of Essays in Law and Society; Ashgate (2007), ISBN 978-0-7546-2494-3
* {{Citation | last1 =Borg | first1 =J. | year =1965 | title =The Serotonin System and Spiritual Experiences | journal =American Journal of Psychiatry 160:1965-1969, November 2003| url =http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594742 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Brodd | first = Jefferey | authorlink = | title = World Religions | publisher = Saint Mary's Press | year = 2003 | location = Winona, MN | pages = | url = | doi = | isbn = 978-0-88489-725-5}}
 
* Yves Coppens, ''Origines de l'homme - De la matière à la conscience'', De Vive Voix, Paris, 2010
* Yves Coppens, ''La preistoria dell'uomo'', Jaka Book, Milano, 2011
 
* Descartes, René; ''Meditations on First Philosophy''; Bobbs-Merril (1960), ISBN 0-672-60191-5.
* Dow, James W. (2007), ''[http://www.anpere.net/2007/2.pdf A Scientific Definition of Religion]''
* Durant, Will (& Ariel (uncredited)); ''Our Oriental Heritage''; MJF Books (1997), ISBN 1-56731-012-5.
* Durant, Will (& Ariel (uncredited)); ''Caesar and Christ''; MJF Books (1994), ISBN 1-56731-014-1
* Durant, Will (& Ariel (uncredited)); ''The Age of Faith''; Simon & Schuster (1980), ISBN 0-671-01200-2.
* [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim, Emile]] (1976) ''The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life.'' London: George Allen & Unwin (in French 1912, English translation 1915)
 
* [[Clifford Geertz|Geertz, Clifford]]. 1993 [1966]. {{Wayback |date=20070925190332 |url=http://resources.theology.ox.ac.uk/library/data/pdf/THD0111.pdf |title=''Religion as a cultural system''}}. pp.&nbsp;87–125 in Clifford Geertz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?hl=it&lr=&id=BZ1BmKEHti0C The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays]''. London: Fontana Press.
* [[Marija Gimbutas]] 1989. ''The Language of the Goddess''. Thames and Hudson New York
* Gonick, Larry; ''The Cartoon History of the Universe''; Doubleday, vol. 1 (1978) ISBN 0-385-26520-4, vol. II (1994) ISBN 0-385-42093-5, W. W. Norton, vol. III (2002) ISBN 0-393-05184-6.
 
* Haisch, Bernard ''The God Theory: Universes, Zero-point Fields, and What's Behind It All''—discussion of science vs. religion ([http://www.thegodtheory.com/preface.html Preface]{{Dead link|date=January 2011}}), Red Wheel/Weiser, 2006, ISBN 1-57863-374-5
 
* Khanbaghi, A., ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran'' (IB Tauris; 2006) 268 pages. Social, political and cultural history of religious minorities in Iran, c. 226-1722 AD.
* King, Winston, ''Religion'' [First Edition]. In: ''Encyclopedia of Religion''. Ed. Lindsay Jones. Vol. 11. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. p7692-7701.
* [[Andrey Korotayev|Korotayev, Andrey]], ''World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-cultural Perspective'' by , Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2004, ISBN 0-7734-6310-0.
 
* {{Cite journal| last = Lynn| first = Richard| authorlink = Richard Lynn |author2=John Harvey |author3=Helmuth Nyborg | year = 2009 | title = Average intelligence predicts atheism rates across 137 nations| journal = [[Intelligence (journal)|Intelligence]] | volume = 37 | pages = 11–15 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289608000238| doi = 10.1016/j.intell.2008.03.004| accessdate = 2015-05-25 | ref =harv}}
 
* McKinnon, Andrew M. (2002), [http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3073/1/McKinnon_Definition_of_Religion_author_version_no_format.pdf "Sociological Definitions, Language Games and the 'Essence' of Religion"]. Method & theory in the study of religion, vol 14, no. 1, pp.&nbsp;61–83.
* Marx, Karl; "Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right", ''Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher'', (1844).
 
* Palmer, Spencer J., ''et al''. ''Religions of the World: a Latter-day Saint [Mormon] View''. 2nd general ed., tev. and enl. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, 1997. xv, 294 p., ill. ISBN 0-8425-2350-2
* {{Citation | last =Pals | first =Daniel L. | year =2006 | title =Eight Theories of Religion | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
 
* Ramsay, Michael, ''Abp.'' ''Beyond Religion?'' Cincinnati, Ohio: Forward Movement Publications, (cop. 1964).
 
* Saler, Benson; "Conceptualizing Religion: Immanent Anthropologists, Transcendent Natives, and Unbounded Categories" (1990), ISBN 1-57181-219-9
* Schuon, Frithjof. ''The Transcendent Unity of Religions'', in series, ''Quest Books.'' 2nd Quest ... rev. ed. Wheaton, Ill.: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993, cop. 1984. xxxiv, 173 p. ISBN 0-8356-0587-6
* [[Wilfred Cantwell Smith|Smith, Wilfred Cantwell]] (1962), ''The Meaning and End of Religion''
* {{Citation | last =Stausberg | first =Michael | year =2009 | title =Contemporary Theories of religion | publisher =Routledge}}
 
* [[Anthony F. C. Wallace|Wallace, Anthony F. C.]] 1966. ''Religion: An Anthropological View''. New York: Random House. (p.&nbsp;62-66)
* ''The World Almanac'' (annual), World Almanac Books, ISBN 0-88687-964-7.
* ''The World Almanac'' (for numbers of adherents of various religions), 2005
{{refend}}
 
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[[Jamii:Dini]]