Dini : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
Mstari 4:
3.: Ubuddha - Usikhi - Ujaini - Ujaini<br />
4.: Ayyavali - Upagani mpya - Msalaba wa chuma - Msalaba wa Kislavoni</small>]]
'''Dini''' (kutoka [[Kiarabu]] '''اﻟدﻴن''', ''tamka: ad-din'') inamaanisha jumla ya [[imani]] ya [[binadamu]] kadhaa pamoja na mafundisho wanayotoa kuhusu yale ambayo wanayazingatia ama kuyasadiki, yaani mambo ya [[roho]], kama vile kuhusiana na [[Mungu]], [[maisha]] na [[uumbaji]].▼
[[Ibada]] ni [[nguzo]] mojawapo iliyo dhahiri miongoni mwa dini kadhaa katika kuunganisha dhamira za mwenye kushika dini na [[mhimili]] wa imani, lakini dini inahusu pia mafundisho kuhusu [[maadili]], mema na mabaya, imani na jinsi ya kushiriki katika jumuiya za waumini. ▼
▲'''Dini''' (kutoka [[Kiarabu]] '''اﻟدﻴن''', ''tamka ad-din'') inamaanisha jumla ya [[imani]] ya [[binadamu]] kadhaa pamoja na mafundisho wanayotoa kuhusu yale ambayo wanayazingatia ama kuyasadiki, yaani mambo ya [[roho]], kama vile kuhusiana na [[Mungu]], maisha na [[uumbaji]].
Kwa maana nyingine "dini" inataja jina kielelezo juu ya aina mbalimbali za imani jinsi inavyopatikana duniani, yaani jumuiya za kidini. ▼
▲[[Ibada]] ni nguzo mojawapo iliyo dhahiri miongoni mwa dini kadhaa katika kuunganisha dhamira za mwenye kushika dini na mhimili wa imani, lakini dini inahusu pia mafundisho kuhusu [[maadili]], mema na mabaya, imani na jinsi ya kushiriki katika jumuiya za waumini.
▲Kwa maana nyingine "dini" inataja jina kielelezo juu ya aina mbalimbali za imani jinsi inavyopatikana duniani, yaani jumuiya za kidini.
== Dini kama jumuiya kubwa ==
[[File:Worldwide percentage of Adherents by Religion.png|thumb|450px|Dini kuu na [[asilimia]] ya wafuasi kati ya watu wote [[duniani]].]]
Dini kwa maana hiyo yenye wafuasi wengi duniani ni:
* [[Ukristo]]
Line 31 ⟶ 30:
== Dini au Falsafa? ==
Hasa [[Asia]] ya Mashariki zimetokea mafundisho ambayo mara huhesabiwa kati ya dini mara kati ya [[falsafa]]. Mifano yake ni:
* Mafundisho ya [[Konfutse]] (Confucius)
Line 39 ⟶ 37:
== Dini mpya ==
[[Historia]] inajua pia dini zilizotokea mara kwa mara katika nchi mbalimbali. Mfano wa dini iliyoanzishwa katika [[karne ya 19]] na kusambaa kote duniani ni [[Baha'i]]. Kuna mifano mingi mingine. Si rahisi kuzitaja zote.
* Kundi la "[[Scientology]]" ni mfano wa kundi dogo lililoangaliwa sana kwa sababu wafuasi kadhaa ni watu maarufu [[Marekani]] na [[Ulaya]] kutokana na [[filamu]] au [[magazeti]].
Line 53 ⟶ 50:
== Elimu ya Dini ==
Kuna masomo mbalimbali ambayo huangalia na kuchunguza dini kwa kutumia mbinu za kitaaluma. Kati ya hizo kuna:
Line 63 ⟶ 59:
* [[Ulinganisho wa dini]] unatazama hasa mafundisho na hali halisi ya dini mbalimbali jinsi zinavyofanana au kutofautiana: kwa mfano fundisho la Mungu mmoja katika Uyahudi-Ukristo-Uislamu-Uhindu; au fundisho la [[maono ya kiroho]] katika [[umistiki]] (Ukristo), [[kabbala]] (Uyahudi), [[usufi]] (Uislamu), [[tantra]] (Uhindi, Ubuddha).
* [[Ukosoaji wa dini]] uko karibu na falsafa ya dini ukiwa na mwelekeo wa kuuliza maswali, kutamka wasiwasi, kuchunguza madai ya matamshi ya dini kulingana na misingi ya [[akili]] ya binadamu.
==Marejeo==
{{refbegin}}
;Ya awali
* [[Augustino wa Hippo|Saint Augustine]]; ''The Confessions of Saint Augustine'' (John K. Ryan translator); Image (1960), ISBN 0-385-02955-1.
* [[Laozi|Lao Tzu]]; ''Tao Te Ching'' (Victor H. Mair translator); Bantam (1998).
* [[Biblia]]
* [[Kurani]]
* ''The Origin of Live & Death'', African Creation Myths; Heinemann (1966).
* ''Poems of Heaven and Hell from Ancient Mesopotamia''; Penguin (1971).
* ''Selected Work'' [[Marcus Tullius Cicero]]
* [[Katiba ya Marekani]]
;Ya baadaye
* Barzilai, Gad; ''Law and Religion''; The International Library of Essays in Law and Society; Ashgate (2007), ISBN 978-0-7546-2494-3
* {{Citation | last1 =Borg | first1 =J. | year =1965 | title =The Serotonin System and Spiritual Experiences | journal =American Journal of Psychiatry 160:1965-1969, November 2003| url =http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14594742 }}
* {{Cite book| last = Brodd | first = Jefferey | authorlink = | title = World Religions | publisher = Saint Mary's Press | year = 2003 | location = Winona, MN | pages = | url = | doi = | isbn = 978-0-88489-725-5}}
* Yves Coppens, ''Origines de l'homme - De la matière à la conscience'', De Vive Voix, Paris, 2010
* Yves Coppens, ''La preistoria dell'uomo'', Jaka Book, Milano, 2011
* Descartes, René; ''Meditations on First Philosophy''; Bobbs-Merril (1960), ISBN 0-672-60191-5.
* Dow, James W. (2007), ''[http://www.anpere.net/2007/2.pdf A Scientific Definition of Religion]''
* Durant, Will (& Ariel (uncredited)); ''Our Oriental Heritage''; MJF Books (1997), ISBN 1-56731-012-5.
* Durant, Will (& Ariel (uncredited)); ''Caesar and Christ''; MJF Books (1994), ISBN 1-56731-014-1
* Durant, Will (& Ariel (uncredited)); ''The Age of Faith''; Simon & Schuster (1980), ISBN 0-671-01200-2.
* [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim, Emile]] (1976) ''The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life.'' London: George Allen & Unwin (in French 1912, English translation 1915)
* [[Clifford Geertz|Geertz, Clifford]]. 1993 [1966]. {{Wayback |date=20070925190332 |url=http://resources.theology.ox.ac.uk/library/data/pdf/THD0111.pdf |title=''Religion as a cultural system''}}. pp. 87–125 in Clifford Geertz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?hl=it&lr=&id=BZ1BmKEHti0C The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays]''. London: Fontana Press.
* [[Marija Gimbutas]] 1989. ''The Language of the Goddess''. Thames and Hudson New York
* Gonick, Larry; ''The Cartoon History of the Universe''; Doubleday, vol. 1 (1978) ISBN 0-385-26520-4, vol. II (1994) ISBN 0-385-42093-5, W. W. Norton, vol. III (2002) ISBN 0-393-05184-6.
* Haisch, Bernard ''The God Theory: Universes, Zero-point Fields, and What's Behind It All''—discussion of science vs. religion ([http://www.thegodtheory.com/preface.html Preface]{{Dead link|date=January 2011}}), Red Wheel/Weiser, 2006, ISBN 1-57863-374-5
* Khanbaghi, A., ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran'' (IB Tauris; 2006) 268 pages. Social, political and cultural history of religious minorities in Iran, c. 226-1722 AD.
* King, Winston, ''Religion'' [First Edition]. In: ''Encyclopedia of Religion''. Ed. Lindsay Jones. Vol. 11. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. p7692-7701.
* [[Andrey Korotayev|Korotayev, Andrey]], ''World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-cultural Perspective'' by , Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2004, ISBN 0-7734-6310-0.
* {{Cite journal| last = Lynn| first = Richard| authorlink = Richard Lynn |author2=John Harvey |author3=Helmuth Nyborg | year = 2009 | title = Average intelligence predicts atheism rates across 137 nations| journal = [[Intelligence (journal)|Intelligence]] | volume = 37 | pages = 11–15 | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289608000238| doi = 10.1016/j.intell.2008.03.004| accessdate = 2015-05-25 | ref =harv}}
* McKinnon, Andrew M. (2002), [http://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstream/2164/3073/1/McKinnon_Definition_of_Religion_author_version_no_format.pdf "Sociological Definitions, Language Games and the 'Essence' of Religion"]. Method & theory in the study of religion, vol 14, no. 1, pp. 61–83.
* Marx, Karl; "Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right", ''Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher'', (1844).
* Palmer, Spencer J., ''et al''. ''Religions of the World: a Latter-day Saint [Mormon] View''. 2nd general ed., tev. and enl. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, 1997. xv, 294 p., ill. ISBN 0-8425-2350-2
* {{Citation | last =Pals | first =Daniel L. | year =2006 | title =Eight Theories of Religion | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* Ramsay, Michael, ''Abp.'' ''Beyond Religion?'' Cincinnati, Ohio: Forward Movement Publications, (cop. 1964).
* Saler, Benson; "Conceptualizing Religion: Immanent Anthropologists, Transcendent Natives, and Unbounded Categories" (1990), ISBN 1-57181-219-9
* Schuon, Frithjof. ''The Transcendent Unity of Religions'', in series, ''Quest Books.'' 2nd Quest ... rev. ed. Wheaton, Ill.: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993, cop. 1984. xxxiv, 173 p. ISBN 0-8356-0587-6
* [[Wilfred Cantwell Smith|Smith, Wilfred Cantwell]] (1962), ''The Meaning and End of Religion''
* {{Citation | last =Stausberg | first =Michael | year =2009 | title =Contemporary Theories of religion | publisher =Routledge}}
* [[Anthony F. C. Wallace|Wallace, Anthony F. C.]] 1966. ''Religion: An Anthropological View''. New York: Random House. (p. 62-66)
* ''The World Almanac'' (annual), World Almanac Books, ISBN 0-88687-964-7.
* ''The World Almanac'' (for numbers of adherents of various religions), 2005
{{refend}}
{{mbegu-dini}}
[[Jamii:Dini]]
|