Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar

Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar yalitokea mwaka 1964 ili kumuondoa madarakani Sultani wa Zanzibar na serikali yake, iliyoundwa hasa na Waarabu, na hatimaye kuweka uongozi mikononi mwa Waafrika, ambao ndio wengi visiwani humo (230,000 hivi), kwenye bahari ya Hindi, karibu na pwani ya Tanganyika.

Picha za wabunge zilivyofutwa.

Kanga ya kusherehekea miaka 10 ya mapinduzi, ikipongeza vyama vya ASP na TANU (makumbusho ya House of Wonders, Stone Town).

Rais Amani Abeid Karume akishiriki sherehe ya miaka 40 tangu mapinduzi kufanyika.

Usultani wa Zanzibar ulikuwa umepewa na Uingereza uhuru wake mwaka 1963. Kabla ya hapo, Waarabu walikuwa wamefaulu kudumisha katika mfululizo wa chaguzi utawala waliokuwa nao tangu zamani za Zanzibar kuwa chini ya Usultani wa Omani.

Chama cha Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), kilichowakilisha hasa Waafrika, kilipoona kwamba bungeni kina viti vichache ingawa kilipata 54% za kura katika uchaguzi wa Julai 1963, kilipatana na chama cha mrengo wa kushoto Umma Party.

Tarehe 12 Januari 1964 asubuhi na mapema, mwanachama wa ASP John Okello aliongoza wanamapinduzi 600–800 wa kisiwa kikuu cha Unguja kushinda polisi wa nchi na kuteka silaha zao. Halafu walielekea Zanzibar Town walipompindua Sultani na serikali yake.

Yalifuata maangamizi ya kimbari dhidi ya Waarabu (waliokuwa 50,000 hivi) na Waasia wa Asia Kusini (waliokuwa 20,000 hivi); hakuna hakika kuliko idadi ya waliouawa: makadirio yanataja kuanzia mamia kadhaa hadi 20,000.

Kiongozi wa ASP Abeid Karume, asiyekuwa na msimamo mkali akawa rais wa kwanza wa nchi, na wanachama wa Umma party walipewa nafasi serikalini.

Mwelekeo wa Kikomunisti wa serikali mpya uliogopesha nchi za Magharibi. Kwa kuwa Zanzibar ilikuwa chini ya athari ya Uingereza, serikali yake iliandaa mipango kadhaa. Hata hivyo, hofu ya kuundwa serikali ya Kikomunisti haikutimia kamwe, na kwa kuwa wananchi wa Uingereza na Marekani waliweza kuhama bila shida, mipango hiyo haikutekelezwa.

Wakati huo nchi za Kikomunisti za China, Ujerumani Mashariki na Umoja wa Kisovyeti zilianzisha mahusiano ya kirafiki na serikali mpya ya Zanzibar kwa kuitambua rasmi na kwa kutuma washauri.

Karume alifanikisha majadiliano ya kuunganisha Zanzibar na Tanganyika ili kuunda hatimaye muungano wa Tanzania; vyombo vya habari vilitafsiri muungano huo kuwa juhudi za kuzuia Ukomunisti kugeuza Zanzibar.

Mapinduzi yalikomesha miaka 200 ya utawala wa Waarabu Zanzibar, na yanaadhimishwa kila mwaka kama sikukuu ya taifa zima la Tanzania.

Tanbihi

Marejeo

• Bakari, Mohammed Ali (2001), The Democratisation Process in Zanzibar, GIGA-Hamburg, ISBN 3-928049-71-2 .
• Clayton, Anthony (1999), Frontiersmen:Warfare in Africa since 1950, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 1-85728-525-5 .
• Daly, Samuel (2009), "Our Mother is Afro-Shirazi, Our Father is the Revolution", Senior Thesis (New York: Columbia University) .
• Guevara, Ernesto (1968), Venceremos!:The speeches and writings of Ernesto Che Guevara, Macmillan, ISBN 0-297-76438-1 .
• Hernon, Ian (2003), Britain's Forgotten Wars: Colonial Campaigns of the 19th century, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7509-3162-5 .
• Ingrams, William H. (1967), Zanzibar: Its History and Its People, Abingdon: Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-1102-6, OCLC 186237036 .
• Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey; Schoeman, Elna; Andor, Lydia Eve (1999), Southern African Political History, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-30247-2 .
• Kuper, Leo (1971), "Theories of Revolution and Race Relations", Comparative Studies in Society and History 13 (1): 87–107, JSTOR 178199, doi:10.1017/S0010417500006125 .
• Lofchie, Michaael F. (1967), "Was Okello's Revolution a Conspiracy?", Transition (33): 36–42, JSTOR 2934114 .
• Myers, Garth A. (1994), "Making the Socialist City of Zanzibar", Geographical Review 84 (4): 451–464, JSTOR 215759, doi:10.2307/215759 .
• Parsons, Timothy (2003), The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-325-07068-7 .
• Plekhanov, Sergey (2004), A Reformer on the Throne: Sultan Qaboos Bin Said Al Said, Trident Press Ltd, ISBN 1-900724-70-7 .
• Sheriff, Abdul; Ferguson, Ed (1991), Zanzibar Under Colonial Rule, James Currey Publishers, ISBN 0-85255-080-4 .
• Shillington, Kevin (2005), Encyclopedia of African History, CRC Press, ISBN 1-57958-245-1 .
• Speller, Ian (2007), "An African Cuba? Britain and the Zanzibar Revolution, 1964.", Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 35 (2): 1–35 .
• Triplett, George W. (1971), "Zanzibar: The Politics of Revolutionary Inequality", The Journal of Modern African Studies 9 (4): 612–617, JSTOR 160218, doi:10.1017/S0022278X0005285X .

Marejeo mengine

• Glassman, Jonathon (2011), War of Words, War of Stones: Racial Thought and Violence in Colonial Zanzibar, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, ISBN 978-0-253-22280-0 .
• Mwakikagile, Godfrey, Why Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form Tanzania, ISBN 978-9987-16-045-7

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya kihistoria bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Mapinduzi ya Zanzibar kama enzi zake au matokeo yake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.