Kiini cha atomu : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
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Mstari 1:
[[Picha:Atomi lithi.jpg|thumbnail|Muundo wa atomi kwa mfano wa lithi: Mzingo wa Elektroni na Kiini cha atomi atika kitovu chake. Kiini inafanywa na nyutroni (bila chaji) na protoni (chaji chanya).]]
'''Kiini cha atomi'''
Kiini kinajengwa kwa [[protoni]] na [[nyutroni]]<ref>isipokuwa katika atomi ya [[hidrojeni]] ambayo ni atomi ndogo kabisa, ina protoni 1 pekee katika kiini</ref> na hizi kwa pamoja huitwa "nyukleoni" <ref>kutoka [[lat.]] nucleus = kiini, yaani chembe za kiini</ref>.
Kiini chenyewe kina karibu masi yote ya atomi ndani yake (mnamo 99.9%, elektroni kwenye mzingo huwa na masi ndogo mno).
Kipenyo cha kiini kipo kati ya [[femtomita]] 1.75 kwa [[hidrojeni]] (sawa na kipenyo cha nyutroni moja)<ref name=Nature>
{{cite journal
|author=Brumfiel, Geoff
|date=July 7, 2010
|title=The proton shrinks in size
|journal=Nature
|doi=10.1038/news.2010.337
}}</ref> hadi fentomita 15 kwa atomi nzito kama vile [[urani]]. Atomi yenyewe yaani kiini pamoja na mizingo elektroni ni kubwa zaidi mara 23,000 (urani) hadi 145,000 (hidrojeni).{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
==Ugunduzi==
Kuwepo kwa kiini ndani ya atomi kulitambuliwa mwaka 1911 na [[Ernest Rutherford]] aliyefanya majaribio ya kufyatulia mnururisho wa alfa dhidi ya bati nyembamba ya dhahabu. Baada ya kugundua kuwepo kwa nyutroni mwaka 1932 [[Dmitri Ivanenko]] alitunga maelezo ya kiini cha atomi kuwa nyutroni na protoni <ref>{{cite journal|author=Iwanenko, D.D.|title= The neutron hypothesis|journal= Nature |volume=129|issue= 3265|pages= 798|doi=10.1038/129798d0|year= 1932|bibcode = 1932Natur.129..798I }}</ref> and [[Werner Heisenberg]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |title=Über den Bau der Atomkerne. I |journal=[[Z. Phys.]] |volume=77 |pages=1–11 |year=1932 |doi=10.1007/BF01342433 |bibcode = 1932ZPhy...77....1H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |title=Über den Bau der Atomkerne. II |journal=Z. Phys. |volume=78 |pages=156–164 |year=1932 |doi=10.1007/BF01337585 |issue=3–4 |bibcode = 1932ZPhy...78..156H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Heisenberg |first=W. |title=Über den Bau der Atomkerne. III |journal=Z. Phys. |volume=80 |pages=587–596 |year=1933 |doi=10.1007/BF01335696 |issue=9–10 |bibcode = 1933ZPhy...80..587H }}</ref><ref>Miller A. I. ''Early Quantum Electrodynamics: A Sourcebook'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995, ISBN 0521568919, pp. 84–88.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Fernandez, Bernard |author2=Ripka, Georges |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus: A Sixty Year Journey 1896 — 1956 |chapter=Nuclear Theory After the Discovery of the Neutron |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PxRBakqFIUC&pg=PA263 |year=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781461441809 |page=263 }}</ref>
Idadi ya protoni katika kiini inafanya [[namba atomia]]. Namba ya nyukleoni (protoni na nyutroni kwa pamoja) hufanya namba ya masi. Masi ya atomi thabiti zinazotokea kiasili ziko kati ya 1 ([[hidrojeni]]) na 238 ([[urani]]). Atomi zenye masi kubwa zaidi hazitokei duniani kiasili maana si thabiti
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