Itikadi kali : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
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Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Itikadi kali''' ni dai la kushikilia sana misimamo ya dini<ref>{{cite journal | title = Beyond Theology: Toward an Anthropology of "Fundamentalism" | jou...' |
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'''Itikadi kali''' ni dai la kushikilia sana misimamo ya [[dini]]<ref>{{cite journal | title = Beyond Theology: Toward an Anthropology of "Fundamentalism" | journal = American Anthropologist | date = Jun 2001 | first = Judith | last = Nagata | volume = 103 | issue = 2| id =}}<!--|accessdate=January 13, 2011--></ref><ref>Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113-133. doi: 10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5</ref><ref name="academia.edu">Kunst, J., Thomsen, L., Sam, D. (2014). Late Abrahamic reunion? Religious fundamentalism negatively predicts dual Abrahamic group categorization among Muslims and Christians. European Journal of Social Psychology, https://www.academia.edu/6436421/Late_Abrahamic_reunion_Religious_fundamentalism_negatively_predicts_dual_Abrahamic_group_categorization_among_Muslims_and_Christians</ref><ref>Kunst, J. R., & Thomsen, L. (2014). Prodigal sons: Dual Abrahamic categorization mediates the detrimental effects of religious fundamentalism on Christian-Muslim relations. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion. doi: 10.1080/10508619.2014.93796 https://www.academia.edu/7455300/Prodigal_sons_Dual_Abrahamic_categorization_mediates_the_detrimental_effects_of_religious_fundamentalism_on_Christian-Muslim_relations</ref><ref>Hunsberger, B. (1995). Religion and prejudice: The role of religious fundamentalism, quest, and right-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 51(2), 113-129. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01326.x</ref> au [[falsafa]] au [[siasa]] fulani kwa kuchukua hasa ma[[neno]] yaliyoandikwa na [[mwanzilishi]] bila [[ufafanuzi]] wowote, kadiri unavyohitahika kutokana na [[muda]] kupita au ma[[badiliko]] mbalimbali kutokea.<ref>https://www.ntpu.edu.tw/social/upload/P_1020081127150648.pdf</ref>
Kwa jumla [[msamiati]] huu unatumika kwa maana mbaya,<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Harriet |title=Fundamentalism and Evangelicals |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2008 |isbn=0-19-953253-2 |oclc=182663241}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Roland |last=Boer |editor=Tony Bennett, Lawrence Grossberg, Meaghan Morris and Raymonnd Williams |title=Fundamentalism |encyclopedia=New keywords: a revised vocabulary of culture and society |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |year=2005 |pages=134–137 |isbn=0-631-22568-4 |oclc=230674627 57357498 |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=July 27, 2008}}</ref>tofauti na mtu kusifiwa kwa [[uaminifu]] na [[msimamo]] wake usio na ukali dhidi ya wengine.▼
==Katika dini==
Mfano maarufu wa aina hiyo ni "fundamentalism" iliyoenea katika [[Uprotestanti]] huko [[Marekani]] katika [[karne ya 20]] ikitaka kushika kabisa mambo 5 ya "msingi" (= fundament) kwa kupinga [[teolojia]] ya [[Usasa]]:
* [[Biblia]] kuwa na [[uvuvio]] wa [[Roho Mtakatifu]] na kwa sababu hiyo [[kutodanganyika|kutoweza kukosea]]
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* [[Uhalisia|Ukweli wa kihistoria]] wa [[miujiza ya Yesu]].<ref>George M. Marsden, ''Fundamentalism and American Culture'', (1980) pp 4-5 Over 1400 scholarly books have cited Marsden's work, [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=marsden+fundamentalism&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C27&as_sdtp= according to Google Scholar].</ref><ref>Buescher, John. "[http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24092 A History of Fundamentalism]", [http://www.teachinghistory.org ''Teachinghistory.org'']. Retrieved August 15, 2011.</ref>
Mfano mwingine wa siku hizi ni [[Uislamu]] wenye itikadi kali kama ule wa [[DAESH]] na wa nchi mbalimbali za Kiislamu ambazo zinadhulumu watu wa dini tofauti na hata Waislamu wa madhehebu mengine.
Matokeo ya kawaida ya [[ukali]] huo ni kukataa wale wasioamini [[itikadi]] yenyewe, lakini pia wale ambao wanaiamini kwa kuifafanua bila ukali.<ref>https://www.ntpu.edu.tw/social/upload/P_1020081127150648.pdf</ref>▼
Vilevile dini nyingine kadhaa kama si zote zina watu wenye itikadi kali, kama vile [[Wahindu]] wanaodhulumu [[Wahindi]] wenzao kwa sababu hawafuati [[dini ya jadi]] ya [[India]].
▲Kwa jumla [[msamiati]] huu unatumika kwa maana mbaya,<ref>{{cite book |last=Harris |first=Harriet |title=Fundamentalism and Evangelicals |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2008 |isbn=0-19-953253-2 |oclc=182663241}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Roland |last=Boer |editor=Tony Bennett, Lawrence Grossberg, Meaghan Morris and Raymonnd Williams |title=Fundamentalism |encyclopedia=New keywords: a revised vocabulary of culture and society |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |year=2005 |pages=134–137 |isbn=0-631-22568-4 |oclc=230674627 57357498 |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/newkeywords/PDFs%20Sample%20Entries%20-%20New%20Keywords/Fundamentalism.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=July 27, 2008}}</ref>tofauti na mtu kusifiwa kwa [[uaminifu]] na [[msimamo]] wake usio na ukali dhidi ya wengine.
==Chanzo na matokeo==
[[Saikolojia]] na [[sosholojia]] zinasaidia kuelewa kwa nini baadhi ya watu wanaelekea kuwa na itikadi kali.
▲Matokeo ya kawaida ya [[ukali]] huo ni kukataa wale wasioamini [[itikadi]] yenyewe, lakini pia wale ambao wanaiamini kwa kuifafanua bila ukali.<ref>https://www.ntpu.edu.tw/social/upload/P_1020081127150648.pdf</ref>
==Tanbihi==
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