Elimunafsia : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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[[File:Hypothalamus.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ubongo]] wa binadamu.]]
'''Elimunafsia''' (pia: '''saikolojia''' kutoka [[Kigiriki]] ψυχολογία ''psikhologia'') ni [[fani]] ya [[elimu jamii]] inayolenga kujua nafsi ya [[binadamu]] ili kurahisisha [[ukomavu]] wake na uhusiano wake na wenzake.
 
== Kujifahamu ==
[[File:Hall Freud Jung in front of Clark.jpg|thumbnail|left|Picha ya mwaka 1909 mbele ya [[Clark University]]. [[Sigmund Freud]], [[G. Stanley Hall]], [[Carl Gustav Jung]]; nyuma yao: [[Abraham A. Brill]], [[Ernest Jones]], [[Sándor Ferenczi]].]]
Hakuna mtu wa jana, leo au kesho aliye sawasawa na mwingine: kila mmoja ni wa pekee. [[Mungu]] ametufanya tofauti ili tutimilizane. Kila mmoja anahitaji wengine, na kila mmoja ni muhimu kwa wenzake. Katika maisha ya jamii kuna sehemu ambayo yeye tu anaweza kuijaza. Wazo hilo linaweza kumsaidia kijana ambaye ni mwepesi kukata tamaa na kujitupa. Daima [[uhai]] ni zawadi nzuri kwa mhusika na kwa wenzake wote. Kijana ni zawadi yenye nguvu na wema hata kwa [[taifa]], kiasi kwamba kujali ustawi wa kijana ni kujenga taifa.
 
Tunataka kujifahamu tulivyoumbwa ([[mwili]], [[nafsi]] na [[roho]], ambavyo vyote vinafungamana ndani mwetu):
*1. ili tuweze kujithamini hasa kwa kuona sisi ni nani mbele ya Mungu;
*2. ili tufahamu mipaka yetu na kuikabili inavyofaa;
*3. ili tufahamu [[vipawa]] tulivyojaliwa tuwashirikishe wenzetu;
*4. ili tubadilike kuwa bora zaidi na kuchangia [[ustawi wa jamii]];
*5. ili tuhusiane vizuri zaidi na wenzetu;
*6. ili tuweze kujieleza kwa watu fulanifulani na kupata mashauri ya kutufaa.
 
== Kujikubali ==
Daima ni muhimu tukubali hali ilivyo, halafu tujitahidi kuifanya bora zaidi. Tusipojikubali kwanza tutahangaika tu hata kukata tamaa. Wajue wasijue vijana wapokua wanashindwa kujikubali walivyo. Pengine wanaficha [[silika]] zao wasitambulikane na watu, hata wakashindwa kujielewa, wakapatwa na [[vilema]] vya [[ukuaji]] pia. Ni lazima waache kujifunika uso kwa [[vinyago]] hivyo; badala yake wakabili [[ukweli]] wao, wenye [[sifa]] na [[kasoro]]. Hivyo tu watapitia vizuri [[mabadiliko ya ujana]] upande wa mwili, nafsi, jamii, [[maadili]] na [[roho]]. Hatimaye watakomaa na kushika nafasi yao maishani.
 
Kwa kila mtu ni muhimu kuwa na marafiki; hasa kijana anahitaji kikundi. Lakini hiyo isiwe njia ya kukwepa nafsi yake mwenyewe wala ya kuficha tabia yake kwa kuzungumza, kutembea au kutenda namna fulani wanavyofanya wenzake. Kwa hiyo asijifananishe nao. Kila mtu anakua kwa namna yake, akibadilika kwa kiasi tofauti na muda tofauti. Ni lazima ajifunze kuyapokea mabadiliko hayo pia yanayomfanya geugeu sana, hasa [[msichana]] katika mzunguko wake wa kila mwezi: mara anaonekana jasiri au korofi, mara amejaa wasiwasi.
== Kujistawisha ==
[[File:Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.svg|thumb|right|250px|Mwaka [[1963]] [[Abraham Maslow]] aliorodhesha haja za binadamu, akisema inafaa atimize kwanza zile za msingi zaidi (maji, chakula n.k.).<ref name=honolulu>{{cite web|url=http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/maslow.htm |title=Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |publisher=Honolulu.hawaii.edu |accessdate=10 December 2011}}</ref>]]
[[Uhai]] unasukuma kiumbe chochote kistawi. [[Mimea]] inakua namna yake, [[wanyama]] namna yao, na [[binadamu]] polepole zaidi kwa kuwa ndiye kiumbe bora anayehitaji kukomaa pande zake zote. Kulingana na [[haja]] yetu ya kukomaa hivyo, sio tu kufikia [[umri]] au [[kimo]] fulani, ndani mwetu zimo nguvu zinazotuhimiza tujilinde ili tuzidi kuishi wenyewe, tuendeleze uhai tulionao kwa kuzaa, tujitegemee (yaani tumiliki maisha yetu), tutawale vitu na watu ili mambo yaende tunavyotaka, n.k.
 
Haja iliyoota mizizi mirefu ndani mwetu ni ile ya kujikamilisha tusiwe watu wanaoishi ili mradi tu. Kadiri tunavyokua tunajisikia kuwajibika. Haja hizo zinafanya tujiwekee pia malengo katika [[utendaji]]. Basi, baada ya kujifahamu, kila mmoja wetu achague na kuazimia awe bora vipi, kwa sababu wenyewe tunaamua tuweje. Ni [[wajibu]] wetu kujipenda na kwa hiyo kujitunza na kujistawisha kimwili, kinafsi, kijamii, kimaadili na kiroho. Kazi hiyo inahitaji nia na bidii za kudumu. Tufuate taratibu za kulinda [[afya]] ya [[mwili]], [[heshima]] ya [[mavazi]], [[usafi]] wa [[mazingira]]. Tujiepushe na [[uvivu]] unaosababisha mawazo na matendo mabaya. Tujihadhari na [[maandishi]], [[picha]] na maneno yasiyofaa, yasije yakatupotosha kimawazo au kusisimua [[ashiki]]. Tuhusiane vema na wengine [[(adabu]], [[lugha]] nzuri n.k.). Hasa tufuate [[dhamiri]] na kustawisha [[roho]] iliyo sehemu bora ya [[utu]] wetu ambamo tunashirikiana na [[Mungu]].
 
Mbali ya [[motisha]] kutoka nje (yaani kupewa [[tuzo]] au [[adhabu]]), sisi binadamu tuna [[maarubu]] yanayotuongoza kwa ndani na kututia nguvu tutende namna fulani na kukwepa mambo mengine. Yanaweza kuwa ya aina mbalimbali:
*1. tusiyofundishwa kwa kuwa ni [[haja za mwili]] (kupumua, kunywa, kula, kujisaidia, kupumzika, kutumia jinsia n.k.) au [[haja za nafsi]] (kupendwa, kufungamana, kukubaliwa, kufanikiwa, kujitokeza, kusaidia, kushindana, kushinda, kutawala, kujihami, kuwa salama, kuongozwa, kujishusha, kujitawala, kumiliki, kupanga, kubadili, kujua, kuhemka, kujamiiana, kucheza);
*2. yaliyorithiwa kwa wazazi na [[ukoo]] ([[silika]], [[maelekeo]], [[vipawa]] n.k.);
*3. ya kujipatia, yaani tusiyozaliwa nayo, ambayo tunayapata maishani mwetu hasa kutoka kwa watu wanaotuzunguka ([[mazoea]], [[mila]], [[tunu]], [[imani]] n.k.).
Maarubu hayo yanasaidia kukua na kuelekea [[ukomavu]], yaani hali ya kuwa jinsi Muumba alivyokusudia kisha kupitia hatua kadhaa.
 
==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}
 
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==Marejeo mengine==
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Badcock |first=Christopher R. |title=Nature-Nurture Controversy, History of |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868031366 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03136-6 |pages=340–344 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Cascio |first=Wayne F. |title=Industrial–Organizational Psychology: Science and Practice |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868220072 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.22007-2 |pages=879–884 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Chryssochoou |first=Xenia |title=Social Psychology |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868240956 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24095-6 |pages=532–537 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Deakin |first=Nicholas |title=Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868270499 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.27049-9 |pages=31–36 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Demetriou |first=Andreas |title=Intelligence in Cultural, Social and Educational Context |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868921470 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.92147-0 |pages=313–322 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gelso |first=Charles J. |title=Counseling Psychology |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868210738 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.21073-8 |pages=69–72 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Henley |first=Tracy B. |title=Psychology, History of (Early Period) |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868032359 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03235-9 |pages=406–411 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Knowland |first1=Victoria C. P. |last2=Purser |first2=Harry |last3=Thomas |first3=Michael S. C. |title=Cross-Sectional Methodologies in Developmental Psychology |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868232352 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.23235-2 |pages=354–360 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Louw |first=Dap |title=Forensic Psychology |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978008097086821074X |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.21074-X |pages=351–356 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=McWilliams |first=Spencer A. |title=Psychology, History of (Twentieth Century) |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868030464 |accessdate=8 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03046-4 |pages=412–417 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Pe-Pua |first=Rogelia |title=Indigenous Psychology |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868240671 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi= 10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24067-1 |pages=788–794 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Peterson |first1=Roger L. |last2=Peterson |first2=Donald R. |last3=Abrams |first3=Jules C. |last4=Stricker |first4=George |last5=Ducheny |first5=Kelly |title=Training in Clinical Psychology in the United States: Practitioner Model |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868210866 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.21086-6 |pages=517–523 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Poortinga |first=Ype H. |title=Cross-Cultural Psychology |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868240117 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24011-7 |pages=311–317 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Spinath |first1=Frank M. |last2=Spinath |first2=Birgit |last3=Borkenau |first3=Peter |title=Developmental Behavioral Genetics and Education |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868920099 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.92009-9 |pages=320–325 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Smith |first=Edward E. |title=Cognitive Psychology: History |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868030282 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03028-2 |pages=103–109 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Staerklé |first=Christian |title=Political Psychology |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |date=2015 |edition=Second |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868240798 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24079-8 |pages=427–433 |laysummary=https://pennlibnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/27/international-encyclopedia-of-the-social-behavioral-sciences-second-edition/ |laysource=Penn Libraries News Center |laydate=8 April 2015 |ref=harv}}{{Subscription or libraries|sentence|via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}
* Gelder, Mayou & Geddes (2005). Psychiatry. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc.
 
==Viungo vya nje==
* {{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Psychology/|Psychology}}
* [http://www.apa.org/ American Psychological Association]
* [http://www.psychologicalscience.org/ Association for Psychological Science]
* [http://psychology.okstate.edu/museum/history/ Discovering Psychology. (2001). ''The History of Psychology:Contemporary Foundations'']
* [http://www.psy.fsu.edu/history/history.html The Florida State University PSYCHOLOGY.(2011).''HISTORY'']
{{Sayansi}}
[[Jamii:Elimu jamii]]