Wikipedia

Maya

Maya ni jina la ustaarabu uliostawi kusini mwa Meksiko ya leo (rasi ya Yucatan) pamoja na Gwatemala, Belize na sehemu za Honduras na El Salvador kuanzia mwaka 2000 hivi KK hadi waliposhindwa na Wahispania kutoka Ulaya (karne ya 16 na ya 17 BK).

Hekalu - piramidi ya Kimaya.
Ukurasa kutoka kitabu cha Kimaya kwa mwandiko ya hiroglifi.

Historia hariri

Watu wa kwanza waliofika huko kutoka kaskazini walikuwa Waindio, wajukuu wa wahamiaji walioingia Amerika kutoka Asia ya Kaskazini. Hakuna uhakika kufika huko kulitokea lini: labda miaka 10,000 iliyopita[1].

Hao Waindio walikuwa wakulima hodari sana na mazao mbalimbali ambayo leo ni msingi wa chakula kote duniani yalianzishwa na kupandishwa nao, yakiwa pamoja na mahindi, mboga na nyanya. Kilimo cha mahindi hukadiriwa kilianzishwa takriban mnamo mwaka 9000 KK[2][3].

Kilimo kiliweka msingi kwa vijiji na jamii zilizoshirikiana katika maeneo makubwa. Miji ya kwanza inajulikana kuanzia takriban mwaka 1500 KK.

Wamaya waliishi katika vijiji na miji iliyojitegemea na kugombana kati yao mara kwa mara.

Wamaya walibuni mwandiko wa hiroglifi wenye alama nyingi kupita maandishi mengine katika Amerika ya Kale na kutunga vitabu. Waliendeleza pia hisabati, wakijua namba "sifuri" na kuboresha mfumo wa kalenda.

Walikuwa hodari sana katika astronomia yaani elimu ya nyota. Walipamba miji yao kwa majengo makubwa na mazuri na kuwa wafanyabiashara hodari. Sanaa yao ilijua uchongaji wa mawe na pia uchoraji.

Jamii ya Wamaya ilifikia kiwango cha juu kuanzia mwaka 500 KK wakati miji mikubwa ya kwanza ilipotokea. Mnamo mwaka 800 BK jamii za Wamaya katika Yucatan ziliporomoka; wataalamu wengi huamini ya kwamba mabadiliko ya ekolojia na halihewa pamoja na kuchoka kwa rutuba ya ardhi yalisababisha kutoka kwa watu katika makazi ya awali.

Lakini ustaarabu huu uliona tena kipindi cha kustawi katika maeneo mengine hadi kuja kwa Wahispania. Miji mbalimbali ya Wamaya iliendelea kujitetea dhidi ya wavamizi na Nojpeten, mji wa mwisho wa kujitegemea ulitekwa mwaka 1696 tu.

Tanbihi hariri

  1. ↑ Michael S. Werner (January 2001). Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico. Taylor & Francis. pp. 386–. ISBN 978-1-57958-337-8
  2. ↑ A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 30; 99(9): 6080–6084. doi: 10.1073/pnas.052125199
  3. ↑ "The Evolution of Corn". University of Utah HEALTH SCIENCES. Retrieved 2 January 2016

Marejeo hariri

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del Águila Flores, Patricia (2007). "Zaculeu: Ciudad Postclásica en las Tierras Altas Mayas de Guatemala" [Zaculeu: Postclassic City in the Maya Highlands of Guatemala] (PDF) (kwa Kihispania). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes. OCLC 277021068. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2011-07-21. Iliwekwa mnamo 2011-08-06. 
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Drew, David (1999). The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings. London, UK: Phoenix Press. ISBN 0-7538-0989-3. OCLC 59565970. 
Ellsworth Hamann, Byron (March 2008). "How Maya Hieroglyphs Got Their Name: Egypt, Mexico, and China in Western Grammatology since the Fifteenth Century". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US: American Philosophical Society) 152 (1). ISSN 0003-049X. OCLC 1480557.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
Emmerich, André (2005). "Improving the Odds: Preservation through Distribution". Katika Kate Fitz Gibbon. Who Owns the Past?: Cultural Policy, Cultural Property, and the Law. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US and London, UK: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813536873. OCLC 57893247. 
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Guillemín, Jorge F. (1965). Iximché: Capital del Antiguo Reino Cakchiquel [Iximche: Capital of the Ancient Kaqchikel Kingdom] (kwa Kihispania). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional de Guatemala. OCLC 1498320. 
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Jackson, Sarah E. (2013). Politics of the Maya Court: Hierarchy and Change in the Late Classic Period. Norman, Oklahoma, US: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-4341-5. OCLC 813300656. 
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Milbrath, Susan (1999). "Stars, the Milky Way, Comets, and Meteors". Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars. Austin, Texas, US: University of Texas Press. ku. 249–293. ISBN 0292752253. OCLC 40848420 – kutoka Project MUSE. (subscription required (help)). 
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Salisbury, David; Mimi Koumenalis; Barbara Moffett (19 September 2002). "Newly revealed hieroglyphs tell story of superpower conflict in the Maya world". Exploration: the online research journal of Vanderbilt University (Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Office of Science and Research Communications). OCLC 50324967. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2015-05-20. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-05-20.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
Saturno, William A.; David Stuart; Boris Beltrán (2006-03-03). "Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala". Science. New Series (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 311 (5765): 1281–1283. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1281S. ISSN 1095-9203. JSTOR 3845835. OCLC 863047799. PMID 16400112. doi:10.1126/science.1121745. (subscription required (help)). 
Schele, Linda; Peter Mathews (1999). The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs. New York, US: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-85209-6. OCLC 41423034. 
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