Napoleon III

Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 Aprili 1808 – 9 Januari 1873) alikuwa rais wa kwanza wa Ufaransa (kama Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) kutoka 1848 hadi 1852 na Kaizari wa Ufaransa kutoka 1852 hadi 1870. Alikuwa mpwa wa Napoleon I na mfalme wa mwisho kutawala Ufaransa.

Taswira ya Napoleon III mnamo 1865

Vyeo

Alichaguliwa kwa urais wa Jamhuri ya Pili ya Kifaransa mnamo 1848, alitwaa madaraka kwa nguvu mnamo 1851, wakati hakuweza kuchaguliwa tena kikatiba; baadaye alijitangaza kuwa Kaizari wa Ufaransa. Alitawala hadi kushindwa katika vita dhidi ya Ujerumani na kutekwa kwake na Prussia na washirika wake kwenye Mapigano ya Sedan mnamo 1870.

Hitimisho

Napoleon III alikuwa mtawala maarufu aliyependwa na sehemu kubwa ya raia wake, ambaye alitumia kura za maoni kuongoza siasa yake. Alisimamia mabadiliko ya uchumi wa Ufaransa.

Aliwekeza sana katika miundombinu za nchi akaagiza kujengwa kwa idadi kubwa ya meli zabiashara na kivita. Alipanua maeneo ya koloni za Ufaransa.

Alishiriki katika Vita ya Italia ya 1859 akaamuru kuanzisha Vita ya Ufaransa dhidi ya Ujerumani ya 1870 ambapo aliongoza wanajeshi wake wakati wa mapigano na akakamatwa.

Siasa ya ndani na ya kiuchumi

Napoleon III aliagiza ujenzi mpya wa Paris uliotekelezwa na Georges-Eugène Haussmann, akienelea kupanusha mfumo mzuri wa bustani kubwa za starehe kwenye jiji. Alizindua miradi ya kazi za umma kama hiyo katika miji mingine yote mikubwa nchini Ufaransa.

Alipanua na kuimarisha mfumo wa reli kwa taifa lote, na pia akafanya kazi ya kuboresha mfumo wa benki.

Napoleon III aliendeleza ujenzi wa Mfereji wa Suez na kuanzisha kilimo cha kisasa, ambacho kilimaliza njaa nchini Ufaransa na kuifanya nchi kuwa muuzaji nje wa mazao.

Alifanya mapatano na Uingereza kuhusu Mkataba wa Biashara Huria na makubaliano kama hayo na mataifa mengine ya Ulaya.

Katika siasa ya kijamii alikubali kuwapa wafanyakazi wa Ufaransa haki ya kugoma na haki ya kuunda vyama vyao. Wanafunzi wa kwanza wa kike walidahiliwa huko Chuo Kikuu cha Sorbonne na fursa za elimu kwa wanawake ziliongezeka. Chini yake orodha ya masomo yanayotakiwa kufundishwa shuleni ilipanushwa vievie.

Siasa ya Nje

Katika siasa ya nje, Napoleon III alilenga kurudisha athira ya Ufaransa huko Ulaya na ulimwenguni kote.

Katika Ulaya, alijiunga na Uingereza na kuishinda Urusi katika Vita ya Krim (1853-1856). Siasa yake ilisaidia kuungana kwa Italia kwa kushinda Dola la Austria katika Vita ya Italia ya 1859. Baadaye alipata maeneo ya Savoy na Nice kama shukrani kwa msaada wake. Wakati huo huo, vikosi vyake vilitetea Dola la Papa dhidi ya kuunganishwa na Italia.

Alisaidia pia maungano wa mikoa kwenye mto Danubi yaliyoendelea kuwa Temi za Moldavia na Wallachia.

Napoleon III aliongeza koloni za Ufaransa mara mbili kwa upanuzi katika Asia, Pasifiki na Afrika.

Kwa upande mwingine, alishindwa kabisa alipojaribu kuingilia kati ndani ya Meksiko alichotaka kufanya kuwa nchi chini ya ulinzi wa Ufaransa.

Ugomvi na Prussia

Kuanzia 1866, Napoleon III alilazimika kukabili nguvu iliyoongezeka ya Prussia kwani waziri mkuu wake Otto von Bismarck alilenga kujenga umoja wa madola ya Kijerumani chini ya uongozi wa Prussia.

Mnamo Julai 1870, Napoleon III alifuata wito wa wanasiasa na waanchi wengi akatangaza vita dhidi ya Prussia, ingawa alikuwa na wasiwasi.

Bila washirika akiwa na jeshi dhaifu, Ufaransa ilishindwa haraka wakati Napoleon III alikamatwa katika mapigano ya Sedan. Aliondolewa cheo cha kifalme na Jamhuri ya Tatu ya Kifaransa ilitangazwa huko Paris. Alikwenda uhamishoni Uingereza, ambapo alikufa mnamo 1873.

Maandiko ya Napoleon III

• Des Idées Napoleoniennes – an outline of Napoleon III's opinion of the optimal course for France, written before he became Emperor.
• History of Julius Caesar – a historical work he wrote during his reign. He drew an analogy between the politics of Julius Caesar and his own, as well as those of his uncle.
• Napoleon III wrote a number of articles on military matters (artillery), scientific issues (electromagnetism, pros and cons of beet versus cane sugar), historical topics (the Stuart kings of Scotland), and on the feasibility of the Nicaragua canal. His pamphlet The Extinction of Pauperism (OCLC 318651712, Kigezo:JSTOR) helped his political advancement.

Kujisomea

Wasifu

• Baguley, David (2000). Napoleon III and His Regime: An Extravaganza. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 9780807126240. 
• Bresler, Fenton (1999). Napoleon III: a life (HarperCollins. ISBN 9780002557870. 
• Corley, T. A. B. (1961). Democratic Despot: A Life of Napoleon III. ISBN 978-0837175874. 
• Duff, David (1978). Eugénie and Napoleon III. Collins. ISBN 978-0688033385. 
• Gooch, Brison D., mhariri (1966). Napoleon III – Man of Destiny: Enlightened Statesman or Proto-Fascist?. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 978-0232070118. 
• Gooch, Brison D., mhariri (1969). The Reign of Napoleon III. Rand McNally & Company. ISBN 978-0528665479. 
• Guerard, Albert (1947). Napoleon III A Great Life In Brief. Carroll & Graf Pub. ISBN 978-0786706600. 
• McMillan, James F. (1991). Napoleon III. Profiles In Power. Routledge. ISBN 978-0582494831. 
• Markham, Felix (1975). The Bonapartes. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76928-6. 
• Price, Roger (20 November 2002). "Napoleon III: 'hero' or 'grotesque mediocrity'?". Katika Cowling, Mark; Martin, James. Marx's 'Eighteenth Brumaire': (Post)Modern Interpretations. Pluto Press. ku. 145–162. ISBN 978-0745318301. 
• Ridley, Jasper (1980). Napoleon III and Eugenie. Viking. ISBN 978-0670504282. 
• Spitzer, Alan B. (1962). "The Good Napoleon III". French Historical Studies 2 (3): 308–29. JSTOR 285884. doi:10.2307/285884. 
• Strauss-Schom, Alan (2018). The Shadow Emperor: A Biography of Napoleon III. St. Martin's Publishing. ISBN 9781466861688. 
• Thompson, J. M. (1955). Louis Napoleon and the Second Empire. The Noonday Press. 

Vyanzo vya sekondari

• Briggs, Asa; Clavin, Patricia (2003). Modern Europe, 1789-Present (toleo la 2). Routledge. ISBN 978-0582772601. 
• Campbell, Stuart L. The Second Empire Revisited: A Study in French Historiography (1978)
• Case, Lynn M. (1954). French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0374913021. doi:10.2307/j.ctv5qdk0h. 
• Cobban, Alfred (1965). A History of Modern France. Vol. 2: 1799–1871. London: Penguin. 
• Cunningham, Michele (2001). Mexico and the Foreign Policy of Napoleon III. Palgrave. ISBN 978-0333793022. 
• Golicz, Roman. “Napoleon III, Lord Palmerston and the Entente Cordiale.” History Today 50#12 (December 2000): 10–17
• Guedalla, Philip (1923). The Second Empire. ASIN B00085CK6Y. 
• Pinkney, David H. (1955). "Napoleon III's Transformation of Paris: The Origins and Development of the Idea". Journal of Modern History 27 (2): 125–34. JSTOR 1874987. doi:10.1086/237781. 
• Pinkney, David H. (1958). Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00768-3. 
• Plessis, Alain (1988). The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire 1852–1871. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521358569. 
• Price, Roger (2001). The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power. Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 9781139430975. 
• Wawro, Geoffrey (2005). The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–1871. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521584364. 
• Wetzel, David (2012). A Duel of Nations: Germany, France, and the Diplomacy of the War of 1870–1871. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299291341. 
• Williams, Roger Lawrence. The Mortal Napoleon III (Princeton University Press, 2015).
• Williams, Roger L. (1957). Gaslight and shadow: The World of Napoleon III 1851-1870. New York: Macmillan & Co Ltd. ASIN B001NHPZ72. 
• Wolf, John B. (1963). France: 1815 to the Present. 
• Zeldin, Theodore (1958a). The Political System of Napoleon III. New York: Macmillan. 
• Zeldin, Theodore (1958b). "The Myth of Napoleon III". History Today 8 (2): 103–109. 

Viungo vya nje

• Works by Napoleon III katika Project Gutenberg
• Napoleonic ideas. Des idées napoléniennes (1859) at the Internet Archive
• History of Julius Caesar vol. 1 at MOA
• History of Julius Caesar vol. 2 at MOA
• Histoire de Jules César (Volume 1) Kigezo:In lang at the Internet Archive
• Editorial cartoons of the Second Empire
• Place de la Revolution, Béziers & Napoleon 111 Archived 13 Oktoba 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
• Maps of Europe covering the reign of Napoleon III (omniatlas)