Femme fatale
Femme fatale ni neno lenye asili ya Kifaransa linalomaanisha "mwanamke hatari" au "mwanamke mwenye kuangamiza." Neno hili limekuwa likitumika kuwakilisha mhusika wa kike ambaye ni mrembo, mwenye kuvutia, na anayejua jinsi ya kutumia sifa hizo kumshawishi na kumtawala mwanaume kwa ajili ya maslahi yake binafsi. Huyu ni mwanamke ambaye mara nyingi ni mjanja, mwenye akili, na asiyejali athari za vitendo vyake kwa wengine. Katika fasihi na filamu, femme fatale huonekana kama mwanamke mwenye nguvu ya kisiri ambaye ana uwezo wa kuwadhibiti wanaume kwa kutumia ushawishi wake wa kimapenzi na akili zake.
Mwanzo wa dhana hii unaweza kupatikana katika fasihi na sanaa ya kale, lakini ilipata umaarufu mkubwa katika filamu za noir za miaka ya 1940 na 1950. Filamu hizi, ambazo zilijulikana kwa mandhari yake ya giza na hadithi zenye utata, ziliweka msingi wa jinsi femme fatale alivyoelezewa na kuonyeshwa katika tamaduni maarufu. Mhusika huyu mara nyingi ni mrembo wa kupindukia, lakini nyuma ya sura yake nzuri kuna nia ya hatari. Femme fatale hutumia uzuri wake kama silaha, akiwavuta wanaume katika mitego yake na kisha kuwaangamiza kihisia, kiakili, au kimwili.
Katika historia ya filamu, femme fatale imeonekana katika filamu nyingi maarufu. Mojawapo ni Double Indemnity (1944), filamu ya noir inayomwonyesha Phyllis Dietrichson,uhusika ulichezwa na Barbara Stanwyck. Phyllis ni mwanamke anayemshawishi mwanasheria kijana kuingia kwenye mpango wa mauaji kwa ajili ya kupata bima. Mwanamke huyu ni mfano halisi wa femme fatale, akionyesha tamaa, ujanja, na ukatili katika kufikia malengo yake bila kujali athari kwa wengine.
Filamu nyingine inayomwonyesha femme fatale ni Gilda (1946), ambapo Rita Hayworth anacheza uhusika wa Gilda, mwanamke mrembo mwenye siri nyingi. Gilda ni mwanamke ambaye ana uwezo wa kuwafanya wanaume kumfuata kwa mapenzi, lakini anawachanganya na kuwafanya washindwe kumuelewa. Hayworth alijipatia umaarufu mkubwa kwa uhusika wake huu, akawa mfano wa femme fatale ambaye hawezi kutabirika na ambaye mvuto wake unaleta hatari kwa wanaume wanaojihusisha naye.
Mifano ya kisasa ya femme fatale inaweza kuonekana katika filamu kama Basic Instinct (1992), ambapo Sharon Stone anacheza kama Catherine Tramell, mwandishi wa riwaya za uhalifu ambaye ni mrembo na mwenye akili kali. Catherine anatumia mvuto wake wa kimapenzi kumdanganya na kuwachanganya wanaume, hasa katika upelelezi wa kesi ya mauaji ambayo anahusishwa nayo. Uigizaji wa Stone katika filamu hii ulichangia sana kubuni upya dhana ya femme fatale katika sinema za kisasa, akiwakilisha mwanamke mwenye nguvu na asiyeweza kutabirika.
Katika Body Heat (1981), Kathleen Turner anacheza kama Matty Walker. Mwanamke anayemvuta mwanaume kijana katika mpango wa mauaji kwa kutumia uzuri wake na mvuto wa kimapenzi. Matty ni femme fatale wa kisasa ambaye anaonyesha jinsi uzuri unaweza kutumiwa kama silaha ya kumdanganya mtu na kumsukuma katika maangamizi. Vilevile, katika The Last Seduction (1994), Linda Fiorentino anacheza uhusika wa Bridget Gregory, mwanamke anayemiliki akili nyingi na hila nyingi. Akiwadanganya wanaume na kuwatumia kufanikisha mipango yake ya kujinufaisha.
Waigizaji wengine maarufu waliocheza uhusika wa femme fatale ni pamoja na Lauren Bacall katika The Big Sleep (1946), ambapo anacheza kama mwanamke anayemchanganya na kumshawishi mpelelezi binafsi anayejaribu kutatua kesi ya uhalifu. Vivien Leigh katika A Streetcar Named Desire (1951) pia alicheza uhusika wenye sifa za femme fatale, ingawa kwa namna tofauti. Uma Thurman katika Kill Bill (2003-2004) alicheza kama mwanamke mwenye nguvu na hila, akitumia ujuzi wake wa mapigano kufanikisha malengo yake.
Kwa hiyo, femme fatale ni zaidi ya mhusika tu; ni mfano wa jinsi mwanamke anavyoweza kutumia uzuri na akili zake kwa manufaa yake binafsi. Mara nyingi kwa gharama ya wengine.
Filamu baadhi zilizotaja muhusika huyu
hariri| Jina la Filamu | Jina la Mhusika | Mwigizaji | Mwaka Uliotoka | Mwongozaji |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Double Indemnity | Phyllis Dietrichson | Barbara Stanwyck | 1944 | Billy Wilder |
| Gilda | Gilda Mundson Farrell | Rita Hayworth | 1946 | Charles Vidor |
| The Big Sleep | Vivian Sternwood Rutledge | Lauren Bacall | 1946 | Howard Hawks |
| Out of the Past | Kathie Moffat | Jane Greer | 1947 | Jacques Tourneur |
| The Lady from Shanghai | Elsa Bannister | Rita Hayworth | 1947 | Orson Welles |
| Sunset Boulevard | Norma Desmond | Gloria Swanson | 1950 | Billy Wilder |
| A Streetcar Named Desire | Blanche DuBois | Vivien Leigh | 1951 | Elia Kazan |
| Niagara | Rose Loomis | Marilyn Monroe | 1953 | Henry Hathaway |
| Vertigo | Madeleine Elster/Judy Barton | Kim Novak | 1958 | Alfred Hitchcock |
| North by Northwest | Eve Kendall | Eva Marie Saint | 1959 | Alfred Hitchcock |
| The Killers | Kitty Collins | Ava Gardner | 1946 | Robert Siodmak |
| Body Heat | Matty Walker | Kathleen Turner | 1981 | Lawrence Kasdan |
| Fatal Attraction | Alex Forrest | Glenn Close | 1987 | Adrian Lyne |
| Basic Instinct | Catherine Tramell | Sharon Stone | 1992 | Paul Verhoeven |
| The Last Seduction | Bridget Gregory/Wendy Kroy | Linda Fiorentino | 1994 | John Dahl |
| Bound | Violet | Jennifer Tilly | 1996 | Wachowskis |
| L.A. Confidential | Lynn Bracken | Kim Basinger | 1997 | Curtis Hanson |
| Wild Things | Suzie Toller | Neve Campbell | 1998 | John McNaughton |
| Mulholland Drive | Rita/Camilla Rhodes | Laura Harring | 2001 | David Lynch |
| Kill Bill: Volume 1 | Beatrix Kiddo (The Bride) | Uma Thurman | 2003 | Quentin Tarantino |
| Femme Fatale | Laure Ash | Rebecca Romijn | 2002 | Brian De Palma |
| Sin City | Ava Lord | Eva Green | 2014 | Robert Rodriguez, Frank Miller |
| Chloe | Catherine Stewart | Julianne Moore | 2009 | Atom Egoyan |
| Black Widow | Catharine "Cathy" Gale | Theresa Russell | 1987 | Bob Rafelson |
| The Grifters | Myra Langtry | Annette Bening | 1990 | Stephen Frears |
| Devil in a Blue Dress | Daphne Monet | Jennifer Beals | 1995 | Carl Franklin |
| To Die For | Suzanne Stone Maretto | Nicole Kidman | 1995 | Gus Van Sant |
| The Postman Always Rings Twice | Cora Smith | Lana Turner | 1946 | Tay Garnett |
| Dressed to Kill | Liz Blake | Nancy Allen | 1980 | Brian De Palma |
| The Hunger | Miriam Blaylock | Catherine Deneuve | 1983 | Tony Scott |
Jisomee
hariri- Dominique Mainon and James Ursini (2009) Femme fatale, ISBN 0879103698. Examines the context of film noir.
- Giuseppe Scaraffia (2009) Femme fatale, ISBN 9788838903960
- Julie Grossman (2020) The Femme Fatale, ISBN 9780813598246. A brief history of the femme fatale in cinema and TV.
- Toni Bentley (2002) Sisters of Salome, ISBN 9780803262416. Salome considered as an archetype of female desire and transgression and as the ultimate femme fatale.
- Bram Dijkstra (1986) Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil in Fin-De-Siecle Culture, ISBN 0195056523. Discusses the Femme fatale-stereotype.
- Bram Dijkstra (1996) Evil Sisters: The Threat of Female Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Culture, ISBN 0805055495.
- Elizabeth K. Mix Evil By Design: The Creation and Marketing of the Femme Fatale, ISBN 9780252073236. Discusses the origin of the Femme fatale in 19th-century French popular culture.
- Mario Praz (1933) The Romantic Agony, ISBN 9780192810618. See chapters four, 'La Belle Dame Sans Merci', and five, 'Byzantium'.
- Julie Grossman (2009) Rethinking the Femme Fatale in film noir: Ready for her close-up, ISBN 9781349313341. Tries to bring about a more nuanced and sympathetic reading of the "femme fatale" in film criticism and popular culture commentary.
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