Ketamini

(Elekezwa kutoka Ketamine)

Ketamini (Ketamine) ni dawa inayotumika hasa kwa ajili ya kuanzisha na kudumisha ganzi.[1] Inaleta hali ya kupoteza fahamu huku ikitia nafuu kutokana na maumivu, kutuliza, na kupoteza kumbukumbu.[2] Matumizi yake mengine ni pamoja na kutuliza wagonjwa walio katika uangalizi wa hali ya juu sana (mahututi) na matibabu ya maumivu na unyogovu.[3] [4][5] Kwa kawaida, utendakazi wa moyo, kupumua, na harakati za njia za hewa zisizohitaji kufikiri kwa ujumla hubakia zikifanya kazi vyema.[2] Athari zake kwa kawaida huanza ndani ya dakika tano inapotolewa kwa njia ya kudungwa sindano, na hudumu hadi takriban dakika ishirini na tano.[1][6]

Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na kufadhaika, kuchanganyikiwa, au kuona njozi wakati dawa inaisha.[1][7][8] Shinikizo la damu la juu na kutetemeka kwa misuli ni jambo la kawaida.[1][8] Mikazo ya ghafula ya msuli ya zoloto inaweza kutokea mara chache.[1] Ketamini ni kipinzani cha kipokezi cha NMDA, lakini pia inaweza kuwa na vitendo vingine.[9]

Ketamini iligunduliwa mwaka wa 1962, ikajaribiwa kwa mara ya kwanza kwa binadamu mwaka wa 1964, na kuidhinishwa kutumika nchini Marekani mwaka wa 1970.[6] Ilitumika sana kwa ajili ya kuleta ganzi katika upasuaji katika Vita vya Vietnam kwa sababu ya usalama wake. Dawa hii iko kwenye Orodha ya Dawa Muhimu ya Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni[10] na inapatikana kama dawa ya kawaida.[1] Bei yake ya jumla katika nchi zinazoendelea ni kati ya US$0.84 na US$3.22 kwa kichupa.[11] Ketamini pia hutumiwa kama dawa ya burudani kwa sababu ya athari zake za kuleta njozi na kutenganisha kati ya watu.[12]

Marejeo

hariri
  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Ketamine Injection". Drugs.com. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 10 Desemba 2014. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Desemba 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  2. 2.0 2.1 Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Krauss B (Mei 2011). "Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 57 (5): 449–61. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030. PMID 21256625.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  3. Zgaia AO, Irimie A, Sandesc D, Vlad C, Lisencu C, Rogobete A, Achimas-Cadariu P (2015). "The role of ketamine in the treatment of chronic cancer pain". Clujul Medical. 88 (4): 457–61. doi:10.15386/cjmed-500. PMC 4689236. PMID 26733743.
  4. Zhang K, Hashimoto K (Januari 2019). "An update on ketamine and its two enantiomers as rapid-acting antidepressants". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 19 (1): 83–92. doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1554434. PMID 30513009.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  5. Kraus C, Rabl U, Vanicek T, Carlberg L, Popovic A, Spies M, Bartova L, Gryglewski G, Papageorgiou K, Lanzenberger R, Willeit M, Winkler D, Rybakowski JK, Kasper S (Machi 2017). "Administration of ketamine for unipolar and bipolar depression". International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice. 21 (1): 2–12. doi:10.1080/13651501.2016.1254802. PMID 28097909. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  6. 6.0 6.1 "Ketamine – CESAR". Center for Substance Abuse Research. University of Maryland. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 12 Novemba 2013. Iliwekwa mnamo 26 Septemba 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  7. Strayer RJ, Nelson LS (Novemba 2008). "Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 26 (9): 985–1028. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.12.005. PMID 19091264. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  8. 8.0 8.1 "Ketamine Side Effects". drugs.com. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 10 Desemba 2014. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Desemba 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  9. Tyler MW, Yourish HB, Ionescu DF, Haggarty SJ (Juni 2017). "Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Ketamine". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 8 (6): 1122–1134. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00074. PMID 28418641.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  10. World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  11. "Ketamine". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 23 Agosti 2017. Iliwekwa mnamo 12 Januari 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  12. Morgan CJ, Curran HV (Januari 2012). "Ketamine use: a review". Addiction. 107 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x. PMID 21777321. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 28 Agosti 2021. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Agosti 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)