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Samari : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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Mstari 18:
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'''Samari''' ''(Samarium)'' ni [[Elementi za kikemia|elementi ya kikemia]] yenye [[alama]] '''Sm''' na [[namba atomia]] 62, maana yake kuna [[protoni]] 62 katika [[atomu]]. Ni [[elementi]] ya [[Metali|kimetali]] yenye [[rangi]] [[nyeupe]]-[[Fedha|kifedha]] inayooksidishainayooksidika [[Hewa|hewani]]. Kwenye [[mfumo radidia]] inahesabiwa kati ya [[lanthanidi]].
 
Samari iligunduliwa mnamo [[1879]] na [[Mfaransa]] [[Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran]]. Ilipokea [[jina]] lake kutokana na [[madini]] [[Samarskiti]] ya madini ambayo ilitengwa. Madini yenyewe ilipata jina lake kwa [[heshima]] ya [[afisa]] wa [[Mgodi|migodi]] wa eneo la [[Urusi]] ambako madini yalitambuliwa mara ya kwanza.
 
Madini hayahayo hupatikana zaidi nchini [[Uchina]], Amerika[[Marekani]], [[Brazil]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] na [[Australia]]; Uchina niunaongoza kiongozi wa ulimwengu[[ulimwenguni]] katika [[uchimbaji]] wa madini ya samari.
 
SamariumSamari haipatikani katika hali safi ila iko ndani ya madini mengi. [[Akiba]] za duniani kote za samari zinakadiriwa kuwa [[tani]] [[milioni]] [[mbili]]; zinapatikana zaidi nchini China, Marekani, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka na Australia, na uzalishajiUzalishaji wa kila mwaka ni karibu tani 700. <ref name="emsley">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/371|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements|last=Emsley|first=John|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-850340-7|location=Oxford, England, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/371 371–374]|chapter=Samarium|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&pg=PA371}}</ref> China ina uzalishaji mkubwa zaidi na tani 120,000 zilizochimbwa kwa mwaka; inafuatwa na Marekani (kama tani 5,000) na India (t 2,700). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2010-raree.pdf|title=Rare Earths|publisher=United States Geological Surves|date=January 2010|accessdate=2010-12-10}}</ref> Samari kwa kawaida huuzwa kama oksidi.<ref name="price">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121014122537/http://lynascorp.com/page.asp?category_id=1&page_id=25 What are their prices?], Lynas corp.</ref> ▼
Matumizi ya kibiashara wa samari yapo hasa kwenye sumaku za samari-kobalti ambazo ni [[Sumaku|sumaku za kudumu]]. Zina faida ya kuvumilia halijoto hadi nyuzijoto °C 700 bila kupoteza tabia zao za kisumaku. ▼
 
[[Isotopi|I]]<nowiki/>sotopi ya samari-149 ina uwezo wa kufyonza [[nyutroni]] na kwa hiyo inatumiwa kudhibiti mchakato ndani ya [[Tanuri la nyuklia|matanuri ya nyuklia]] . ▼
 
== Tabia ==
SamariumSamari ni [[Ardhi adimu|metali ya ardhi adhimu]] yenye [[ugumu]] na [[densiti]] ya kufanana na [[zinki]]. ugumuUgumu na [[wiani]] sawa na ile ya [[zinki]] . Kiwango cha kuchemsha ni °C 1794.
 
▲Samarium haipatikani katika hali safi ila iko ndani madini mengi. Akiba za duniani za samari zinakadiriwa kuwa [[tani]] milioni mbili; zinapatikana zaidi nchini China, Marekani, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka na Australia, na uzalishaji wa kila mwaka ni karibu tani 700. <ref name="emsley">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/371|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements|last=Emsley|first=John|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-850340-7|location=Oxford, England, UK|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/371 371–374]|chapter=Samarium|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&pg=PA371}}</ref> China ina uzalishaji mkubwa zaidi na tani 120,000 zilizochimbwa kwa mwaka; inafuatwa na Marekani (kama tani 5,000) na India (t 2,700). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2010-raree.pdf|title=Rare Earths|publisher=United States Geological Surves|date=January 2010|accessdate=2010-12-10}}</ref> Samari kwa kawaida huuzwa kama oksidi.<ref name="price">[https://web.archive.org/web/20121014122537/http://lynascorp.com/page.asp?category_id=1&page_id=25 What are their prices?], Lynas corp.</ref>
 
== Matumizi ==
▲Matumizi ya [[Biashara|kibiashara]] waya samari yapo hasa kwenye [[sumaku]] za samari-kobalti ambazo ni [[Sumaku|sumaku za kudumu]]. Zina [[faida]] ya kuvumilia [[halijoto]] hadi [[nyuzijoto]] [[°C]] 700 bila kupoteza [[tabia]] zaozake za kisumaku.
 
▲[[Isotopi|I]]<nowiki/>sotopi ya samari-149 ina uwezo wa kufyonza [[nyutroni]] na kwa hiyo inatumiwa kudhibiti mchakato ndani ya [[Tanuri la nyuklia|matanuri ya nyuklia]] .
 
== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|35em}}
 
== Bibilia ==
 
== Viungo vya nje ==
** [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele062.html It's Elemental&nbsp;– Samarium]▼
 
** [https://www.organic-chemistry.org/chemicals/reductions/samariumlowvalent.shtm Reducing Agents > Samarium low valent]▼
**
{{mbegu-kemia}}
▲** [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele062.html It's Elemental&nbsp;– Samarium]
▲** [https://www.organic-chemistry.org/chemicals/reductions/samariumlowvalent.shtm Reducing Agents > Samarium low valent]
 
[[Jamii:Lanthanidi]]
[[Jamii:Elementi]]
[[Jamii:Metali]]
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