Tuzo ya Nobel : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

[[Picha:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|100px|Medali ya Tuzo ya Nobeli]]

{{commonsCommons category|Category:Nobel Prize winners|Washindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel}}

'''Tuzo ya Nobel''' ni tuzo ya fedha kwa ajili ya mafanikio ya pekee katika fani mbalimbali. Ilianzishwa na [[Alfred Nobel]].

Tangu mwaka wa 1901 imetolewa kwa watu waliofaulu katika fani zifuatazo: [[Fizikia]], [[Kemia]], [[Tiba]] (au [[Fiziolojia]]), [[Fasihi]] na [[Amani]]. Tangu mwaka wa 1969, tuzo ya sita imeongezewa kwa [[Uchumi]]. Siku hizi Tuzo ya Nobel ni tuzo ya kimataifa mashuhuri kabisa duniani.

Wanaotuzwa hupokea hati, medali ya dhahabu na kiasi cha pesa cha takriban € milioni 1,2 (kinategemea mapato ya riba kutokana na mfuko wa fedha iliyotengwa kwa kusudi hii na Alfred Nobel). Maazimio kuhusu tuzo za kila mwaka hutolewa kufuatana na wasia wa Alfred Nobel na kamati zifuatazo:

# [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fizikia]] inateuliwa na Taasisi ya Taaluma ya Sayansi ya [[Sweden]]

# [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Kemia]] inateuliwa na Taasisi ya Taaluma ya Sayansi ya Sweden

# [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] inateuliwa na Karolinska Institutet [[Stockholm]]

# [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi]] inateuliwa na Taasisi ya Taaluma ya Sweden kwa lugha na fasihi

# [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]] inateuliwa na kamati ya Nobel ya Norway iliyochaguliwa na Bunge la [[Norway]]

# [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Elimu ya Uchumi]] inateuliwa na Taasisi ya Taaluma ya Sayansi ya Sweden

===Orodha ya Washindi wa Tuzo ya Nobel===

Watu walioshinda Tuzo ya Nobel ni wafuatao:

1901 – [[Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen]] (Fizikia), [[Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff]] (Kemia), [[Emil von Behring]] (Tiba), [[Sully Prudhomme]] (Fasihi), [[Henri Dunant]] na [[Frederic Passy]] (Amani);

1902 – [[Hendrik Antoon Lorentz]] na [[Pieter Zeeman]] (Fizikia), [[Hermann Emil Fischer]] (Kemia), [[Ronald Ross]] (Tiba), [[Theodor Mommsen]] (Fasihi), [[Elie Ducommun]] na [[Charles-Albert Gobat]] (Amani);

1903 – [[Antoine Henri Becquerel]] pamoja na [[Pierre Curie]] na [[Marie Curie]] (Fizikia), [[Svante Arrhenius]] (Kemia), [[Niels Ryberg Finsen]] (Tiba), [[Bjornstjerne Bjornson]] (Fasihi), [[Randal Cremer]] (Amani);

1904 – [[Lord Rayleigh]] (Fizikia), [[William Ramsay]] (Kemia), [[Ivan Pavlov]] (Tiba), [[Frederic Mistral]] na [[Jose Echegaray y Eizaguirre]] (Fasihi), [[Taasisi ya Haki ya Kimataifa]] (Amani);

1905 – [[Philipp Lenard]] (Fizikia), [[Adolf von Baeyer]] (Kemia), [[Robert Koch]] (Tiba), [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] (Fasihi), [[Bertha von Suttner]] (Amani);

1906 – [[Joseph John Thomson]] (Fizikia), [[Henri Moissan]] (Kemia), [[Camillo Golgi]] na [[Santiago Ramon y Cajal]] (Tiba), [[Giosue Carducci]] (Fasihi), [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (Amani);

1907 – [[Albert Abraham Michelson]] (Fizikia), [[Eduard Buchner]] (Kemia), [[Alphonse Laveran]] (Tiba), [[Rudyard Kipling]] (Fasihi), [[Ernesto Teodoro Moneta]] na [[Louis Renault]] (Amani);

1908 – [[Gabriel Lippmann]] (Fizikia), [[Ernest Rutherford]] (Kemia), [[Paul Ehrlich]] na [[Ilya Mechnikov]] (Tiba), [[Rudolf Eucken]] (Fasihi), [[Klas Pontus Arnoldson]] na [[Fredrik Bajer]] (Amani);

1909 – [[Guglielmo Marconi]] na [[Ferdinand Braun]] (Fizikia), [[Wilhelm Ostwald]] (Kemia), [[Emil Theodor Kocher]] (Tiba), [[Selma Lagerlöf]] (Fasihi), [[Auguste Beernaert]] (Amani);

1910 – [[Johannes Diederik van der Waals]] (Fizikia), [[Otto Wallach]] (Kemia), [[Albrecht Kossel]] (Tiba), [[Paul von Heyse]] (Fasihi), [[Ofisi ya Kimataifa ya Amani]] (Amani);

1911 – [[Wilhelm Wien]] (Fizikia), [[Marie Curie]] (Kemia), [[Allvar Gullstrand]] (Tiba), [[Maurice Maeterlinck]] (Fasihi), [[Tobias Asser]] na [[Alfred Fried]] (Amani);

1912 – [[Nils Dalen]] (Fizikia), [[Victor Grignard]] na [[Paul Sabatier]] (Kemia), [[Alexis Carrel]] (Tiba), [[Gerhard Hauptmann]] (Fasihi), [[Elihu Root]] (Amani);

1913 – [[Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]] (Fizikia), [[Alfred Werner]] (Kemia), [[Charles Richet]] (Tiba), [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (Fasihi), [[H. La Fontaine]] (Amani);

1915 – [[William Bragg]] na [[Lawrence Bragg]] (Fizikia), [[Richard Willstätter]] (Kemia), [[Romain Rolland]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba wala Amani);

1916 – [[Verner von Heidenstam]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo nyingine);

1917 – [[Charles Glover Barkla]] (Fizikia), (hakuna tuzo kwa Kemia wala Tiba), [[Karl Adolph Gjellerup]] na [[Henrik Pontoppidan]] (Fasihi), [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu]] (Amani);

1918 – [[Max Planck]] (Fizikia), [[Fritz Haber]] (Kemia), (hakuna tuzo nyingine);

1919 – [[Johannes Stark]] (Fizikia), [[Jules Bordet]] (Kemia), (hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba), [[Carl Spitteler]] (Fasihi), [[WoodrowWilson]] (Amani);

1920 – [[Charles Edouard Guillaume]] (Fizikia), [[Walther Nernst]] (Kemia), [[August Krogh]] (Tiba), [[Knut Hamsun]] (Fasihi), [[Leon Bourgeois]] (Amani);

1921 – [[Albert Einstein]] (Fizikia), [[Frederick Soddy]] (Kemia), (hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba), [[Anatole France]] (Fasihi), [[Karl Hjalmar Branting]] na [[Christian Louis Lange]] (Amani);

1922 – [[Niels Bohr]] (Fizikia), [[Francis William Aston]] (Kemia), [[Archibald Vivian Hill]] na [[Otto Meyerhoff]] (Tiba), [[Jacinto Benavente]] (Fasihi), [[Fridtjof Nansen]] (Amani);

1923 – [[Robert Millikan]] (Fizikia), [[F. Pregel]] (Kemia), [[Frederick Banting]] na [[John Macleod]] (Tiba), [[William Butler Yeats]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani);

1924 – [[Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn]] (Fizikia), [[Willem Einthoven]] (Tiba), [[Wladyslaw Reymont]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuza kwa Kemia wala Amani);

1925 – [[James Franck]] na [[Gustav Hertz]] (Fizikia), [[Richard Zsigmondy]] (Kemia), (hakuna tuzo kwa Tiba), [[George Bernhard Shaw]] (Fasihi), [[Austen Chamberlain]] na [[Charles Dawes]] (Amani);

1926 – [[Jean Perrin]] (Fizikia), [[Theodor Svedberg]] (Kemia), [[Johannes Fibiger]] (Tiba), [[Grazia Deledda]] (Fasihi), [[Aristide Briand]] na [[Gustav Stresemann]] (Amani);

1927 – [[Arthus Holly Compton]] na [[Charles Wilson]] (Fizikia), [[Heinrich Otto Wieland]] (Kemia), [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] (Tiba), [[Henri Bergson]] (Fasihi), [[Ferdinand-Edouard Buisson]] na [[Ludwig Quidde]] (Amani);

1928 – [[Owen Richardson]] (Fizikia), [[Adolf Windaus]] (Kemia), [[Charles Nicolle]] (Tiba), [[Sigrid Undset]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani);

1929 – [[Louis-Victor Broglie]] (Fizikia), [[Arthur Harden]] na [[Hans von Euler-Chelpin]] (Kemia), [[Christiaan Eijkman]] na [[Frederick Hopkins]] (Tiba), [[Thomas Mann]] (Fasihi), [[Frank Kellogg]] (Amani);

1930 – [[Chandrasekhara Raman]] (Fizikia), [[Hans Fischer]] (Kemia), [[Karl Landsteiner]] (Tiba), [[Sinclair Lewis]] (Fasihi), [[Nathan Söderblom]] (Amani);

1931 – (hakuna tuzo kwa Fizikia), [[Carl Bosch]] na [[Friedrich Bergius]] (Kemia), [[Otto Warburg]] (Tiba), [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]] (Fasihi), [[Nicholas Butler]] na [[Jane Addams]] (Amani);

1932 – [[Werner Heisenberg]] (Fizikia), [[Irving Langmuir]] (Kemia), [[Charles Sherrington]] na [[Edgar Douglas Adrian]] (Tiba), [[John Glasworthy]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani);

1933 – [[Erwin Schrödinger]] na [[Paul Dirac]] (Fizikia), (hakuna tuzo kwa Kemia), [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]] (Tiba), [[Ivan Bunin]] (Fasihi), [[Norman Angell]] (Amani);

1934 – (hakuna tuzo kwa Fizikia), [[Harold Urey]] (Kemia), [[George Minot]], [[William Murphy]] na [[George Whipple]] (Tiba), [[Luigi Pirandello]] (Fasihi), [[Arthur Henderson]] (Amani);

1935 – [[James Chadwick]] (Fizikia), [[Frederic na Irene Joliot-Curie]] (Kemia), [[Hans Spemann]] (Tiba), (hakuna tuzo kwa Fasihi), [[Carl von Ossietzky]] (Amani);

1936 – [[Carl David Anderson]] na [[Victor Francis Hess]] (Fizikia), [[P. Depye]] (Kemia), [[Henry Dale]] na [[Otto Loewi]] (Tiba), [[Eugene O’Neill]] (Fasihi), [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]] (Amani);

1937 – [[Clinton Davisson]] na [[George Thomson]] (Fizikia), [[Norman Haworth]] na [[Paul Karrer]] (Kemia), [[Albert Szent-Györgyi]] (Tiba), [[Roger Martin du Gard]] (Fasihi), [[Cecil of Clelwood]] (Amani);

1938 – [[Enrico Fermi]] (Fizikia), [[Richard Kuhn]] (Kemia), [[Corneille Heymans]] (Tiba), [[Pearl S. Buck]] (Fasihi), [[Tume ya Nansen kwa Wakimbizi]] (Amani);

1939 – [[Ernest Orlando Lawrence]] (Fizikia), [[Leopold Ruzicka]] na [[Adolf Butenandt]] (Kemia), [[Gerhard Domagk]] (Tiba), [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani);

(1940-42 Tuzo ya Nobel haikutolewa kwa sababu ya [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]].)

1943 – [[Otto Stern]] (Fizikia), [[Georg von Hevesy]] (Kemia), [[Henrik Dam]] na [[Edward Doisy]] (Tiba), (hakuna tuzo kwa Fasihi wala Amani);

1944 – [[Isidor Rabi]] (Fizikia), [[Otto Hahn]] (Kemia), [[Joseph Erlanger]] na [[Herbert Spencer Gasser]] (Tiba), [[Johannes Jensen]] (Fasihi), [[Kamati ya Kimataifa ya Msalaba Mwekundu]] (Amani);

1945 – [[Wolfgang Pauli]] (Fizikia), [[Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]] (Kemia), [[Alexander Fleming]], [[Ernst Boris Chain]] na [[Howard Walter Florey]] (Tiba), [[Gabriela Mistral]] (Fasihi), [[Cordell Hull]] (Amani);

1946 – [[Percy Bridgman]] (Fizikia), [[James Sumner]], [[John Howard Northrop]] na [[Wendell Stanley]] (Kemia), [[Hermann Muller]] (Tiba), [[Hermann Hesse]] (Fasihi), [[Emily Balch]] na [[John Raleigh Mott]] (Amani);

1947 – [[Edward Appleton]] (Fizikia), [[Robert Robinson]] (Kemia), [[Carl na Gerty Cori]] na [[Bernardo Houssay]] (Tiba), [[Andre Gide]] (Fasihi), [[Jumuiya ya Marafiki]] (‘’Society of Friends’’) (Amani);

1948 – [[Patrick Blackett]] (Fizikia), [[Arne Tiselius]] (Kemia), [[Paul Hermann Müller]] (Tiba), [[T.S. Eliot]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani);

1949 – [[Hideki Yukawa]] (Fizikia), [[William Giauque]] (Kemia), [[Walter Hess]] na [[Antonio Egas Moniz]] (Tiba), [[William Faulkner]] (Fasihi), [[John Boyd-Orr]] (Amani);

1950 – [[Cecil Frank Powell]] (Fizikia), [[Kurt Alder]] na [[Otto Diels]] (Kemia), [[Philip Hench]], [[Edward Kendall]] na [[Tadeus Reichstein]] (Tiba), [[Bertrand Russell]] (Fasihi), [[Ralph Bunche]] (Amani);

1951 – [[John Douglas Cockcroft]] na [[Ernest Walton]] (Fizikia), [[Edwin McMillan]] na [[Glenn Seaborg]] (Kemia), [[Max Theiler]] (Tiba), [[Par Lagerkvist]] (Fasihi), [[Leon Jouhaux]] (Amani);

1952 – [[Felix Bloch]] na [[Edward Purcell]] (Fizikia), [[A.J.P. Martin]] na [[R.L.M. Synge]] (Kemia), [[Selman Waksman]] (Tiba), [[Francois Mauriac]] (Fasihi), [[Albert Schweitzer]] (Amani);

1953 – [[Frits Zernike]] (Fizikia), [[Hermann Staudinger]] (Kemia), [[Hans Krebs]] na [[Fritz Lipmann]] (Tiba), [[Winston Churchill]] (Fasihi), [[George Marshall]] (Amani);

1954 – [[Max Born]] na [[Walther Bothe]] (Fizikia), [[Linus Pauling]] (Kemia), [[John Enders]], [[Frederick Robbins]] na [[Thomas Weller]] (Tiba), [[Ernest Hemingway]] (Fasihi), [[Ofisi ya Kamishna wa Umoja wa Mataifa kwa Wakimbizi]] (Amani);

1955 – [[Willis Lamb]] na [[Polykarp Kusch]] (Fizikia), [[Vincent du Vigneaud]] (Kemia), [[Hugo Theorell]] (Tiba), [[Halldor Laxness]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani);

1956 – [[William Shockley]], [[John Bardeen]] na [[Walter Brattain]] (Fizikia), [[Nikolay Semyonov]] na [[Cyril Hinshelwood]] (Kemia), [[Werner Forssmann]], [[Andre Cournand]] na [[Dickinson Richards]] (Tiba), [[Juan Ramon Jimenez]] (Fasihi), (hakuna tuzo kwa Amani);

1957 – [[Tsung-Dao Lee]] na [[Chen Ning Yang]] (Fizikia), [[Alexander Todd]] (Kemia), [[Daniel Bovet]] (Tiba), [[Albert Camus]] (Fasihi), [[Lester Pearson]] (Amani);

1958 – [[Pavel Cherenkov]], [[Ilya Frank]] na [[Igor Tamm]] (Fizikia), [[Frederick Sanger]] (Kemia), [[George Beadle]], [[Edward Tatum]] na [[Joshua Lederberg]] (Tiba), [[Boris Pasternak]] (Fasihi), Padre [[Dominique Pire]] (Amani);

1959 – [[Emilio Segre]] na [[Owen Chamberlain]] (Fizikia), [[Jaroslav Heyrovsky]] (Kemia), [[Arthur Kornberg]] na [[Severo Ochoa]](Tiba), [[Salvatore Quasimodo]] (Fasihi), [[Philip Noel-Baker]] (Amani);

== Viungo vya Nje nje==