Majadiliano:Utoaji mimba
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Maudhui zaidi
haririMaudhui zaidi unaweza kutaka kuongeza kutoka EN Wikpedia, iliyotafsiriwa na Watafsiri wasio na mipaka.
| Induced abortion | |
|---|---|
| Mwainisho na taarifa za nje | |
| ICD-10 | G04. |
| ICD-9 | 779.6 |
| DiseasesDB | 4153 |
| MedlinePlus | 002912 |
| eMedicine | article/252560 |
Uavyaji ni ukatizaji mimba kwa kutoa au kulazimisha fetasi aukijusi kitoke kwenye tumbo la uzazi, kabla kiweze kuishi kwa kujitegemea. Uavyaji unaweza kutokea ghafla, ambapo mara nyingi hujulikana kama uavyaji ghafla. Uavyaji unaweza kusababishwa makusudi, ambapo utajulikana kama uavyaji wa mimba uliopangiwa. Neno uavyaji mara nyingi humaanisha uavyaji uliopangiwa wa mimba ya binadamu. Utaratibu sawa ambapo fetasi inaweza kuendelea kuishi baada ya kuavwa hujulikana kitabibu kama "ukatizaji uliochelewa wa mimba".[1]
Utabibu wa kisasa hutumia matibabu au mbinu za upasuaji za kuavya mimba iliyopangiwa. Aina mbili za dawa aina ya mifepristone na prostaglandin hutumika kama mbinu ya upasuaji katika trimesta ya kwanza.[2][3] Ingawa dawa zinaweza kufaulu zinapotutumika katika trimesta ya pili,[4] mbinu za upasuaji zinaaminika kuwa na kiwango cha chini cha hatari.[3] Dawa za kuzuia mimba, ikiwa ni pamoja natembe na kifaa cha kinachotiwa ndani ya uterasikinaweza kuanza kutumika punde baada ya kuavya.[3] Uavyaji mimba katika mataifa yaliyostawi una historia ndefu ya kuwa miongoni mwa taratibu salama zaidi katika utabibu ukihalalishwa kupitia sheria za nchi.[5][6] Uavyaji usiokumbwa na matatizo hausababishi athari za muda mrefu za uzima wa kiakili au kimwili.[7] Shirika la Afya Duniani linapendekeza viwango hivi salama na halali vya uavyaji viwezeshwe kupatikana kwa wanawake kote duniani.[8] Uavyaji hatari, hata hivyo, husababisha takriban visa 47,000 vya vifo vya wanawake wanaojifungua[7] na visa milioni 5 vya wanawake wanaolazwa hospitali kwa mwaka kote duniani.[9]
Takriban visa milioni 44 vya uavyaji hutekelezwa kila mwaka kote duniani, huku idadi ya chini ya nusu ya visa hivi vikifanywa kwa njia hatari. K. |last6=Bankole |first6=A. |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786-8 |title=Induced abortion: Incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008 |journal=The Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9816 |pages=625–632 |year=2012 |pmid=22264435 |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/Sedgh-Lancet-2012-01.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>Viwango vya uavyaji vimebadilika kidogo tangu 2003 na 2008,[10] baada ya miongo mingi ya kupungua kufuatia kuboreshwa kwa ufikiaji wa elimu kuhusu mbinu za kupanga uzazi na kuzuia mimba.[11] As of 2008[update], asilimia arobaine ya wanawake kote duniani waliweza kutekeleza uavyaji uliohalalishwa kisheria "bila kuzuiwa kwa msingi wa sababu yoyote".[12] Hata hivyo, kuna kikomo cha ukubwa wa mimba inayoweza kuavywa.[12]
Uavyaji mimba uliopangiwa una historia maalum. Uavyaji umefanywa kwa mbinu kadhaa, ikiwa ni pamoja namiti shamba, kutumia vifaa vyenye makali, majeraha mabaya, na mbinu zingine za mbinu za kitamaduni tangu siku za kale.[13] sheria zinazohusu uavyaji, marudio ya idadi ya uavyaji, na hali zake za kimila na kidini hutofautiana kwa njia kubwa kote duniani. Katika baadhi ya miktadha, uavyaji umehalalishwa katika hali maalum, kama vile kujamiiana kwa maharimu, ubakaji, kutatizika kwa kijusi, masuala ya kijamii na kiuchumi au kuhatarishwa kwa afya ya mama.[14] Katika sehemu nyingi duniani, kuna utata wa umma kuhusu masuala ya kimaadili, kimaadili, na masuala ya kisheria kuhusu uavyaji. Watu ambaowanapinga uavyaji kwa kijumla huteta kwamba kijusi au fetasi ni binadamu aliye na haki ya uhai na huenda wakalinganisha uavyaji na mauaji.[15][16] Watu wanaounga mkono haki za uavyaji husisitiza kuhusu haki ya mwanamke ya kuamua kuhusu masuala ya mwili wake[17] na pia kusisitiza kuhusu haki za binadamu kwa kijumla.[8]
References
hariri- ↑ Grimes, DA; Stuart, G (2010). "Abortion jabberwocky: the need for better terminology". Contraception. 81 (2): 93–6. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2009.09.005. PMID 20103443.
- ↑ Kulier, R; Kapp, N; Gülmezoglu, AM; Hofmeyr, GJ; Cheng, L; Campana, A (Nov 9, 2011). "Medical methods for first trimester abortion". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (11): CD002855. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4. PMID 22071804.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kapp, N; Whyte, P; Tang, J; Jackson, E; Brahmi, D (Sep 2013). "A review of evidence for safe abortion care". Contraception. 88 (3): 350–63. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.10.027. PMID 23261233.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Wildschut, H; Both, MI; Medema, S; Thomee, E; Wildhagen, MF; Kapp, N (Jan 19, 2011). "Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (1): CD005216. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005216.pub2. PMID 21249669.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Grimes, D. A.; Benson, J.; Singh, S.; Romero, M.; Ganatra, B.; Okonofua, F. E.; Shah, I. H. (2006). "Unsafe abortion: The preventable pandemic" (PDF). The Lancet. 368 (9550): 1908–1919. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69481-6. PMID 17126724.
- ↑ Raymond, EG; Grossman, D; Weaver, MA; Toti, S; Winikoff, B (Nov 2014). "Mortality of induced abortion, other outpatient surgical procedures and common activities in the United States". Contraception. 90 (5): 476–479. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2014.07.012. PMID 25152259.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lohr, P. A.; Fjerstad, M.; Desilva, U.; Lyus, R. (2014). "Abortion". BMJ. 348: f7553. doi:10.1136/bmj.f7553.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Organization, World Health (2012). Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems (PDF) (tol. la 2nd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. uk. 8. ISBN 9789241548434.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - ↑ Shah, I.; Ahman, E. (Desemba 2009). "Unsafe abortion: global and regional incidence, trends, consequences, and challenges" (PDF). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 31 (12): 1149–58. PMID 20085681.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedSedgh 2012 - ↑ Sedgh G, Henshaw SK, Singh S, Bankole A, Drescher J (Septemba 2007). "Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends". Int Fam Plan Perspect. 33 (3): 106–116. doi:10.1363/ifpp.33.106.07. PMID 17938093.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ 12.0 12.1 Culwell KR, Vekemans M, de Silva U, Hurwitz M (Julai 2010). "Critical gaps in universal access to reproductive health: Contraception and prevention of unsafe abortion". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 110: S13–16. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.04.003. PMID 20451196.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Joffe, Carole (2009). "1. Uavyaji na utabibu: A sociopolitical history". Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy (tol. la 1st). Oxford, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4443-1293-5. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 21 Oktoba 2011.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Boland, R.; Katzive, L. (2008). "Developments in Laws on Induced Abortion: 1998–2007". International Family Planning Perspectives. 34 (3): 110–120. doi:10.1363/ifpp.34.110.08. PMID 18957353.
- ↑ Pastor Mark Driscoll. "What do 55 million people have in common?", Fox News, 18 October 2013. Retrieved on 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Dale Hansen. "Abortion: Murder, or Medical Procedure?", Huffington Post, 18 March 2014. Retrieved on 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Sifris, Ronli Noa (2013). Reproductive Freedom, Torture and International Human Rights Challenging the Masculinisation of Torture. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. uk. 3. ISBN 9781135115227.