Folic acid
Skeletal formula
Jina la Utaratibu la (IUPAC)
(2S)-2-[[4-[(2-Amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid[1]
Data ya kikliniki
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a682591
Kategoria ya ujauzito A(US)
Hali ya kisheria OTC (US)
Njia mbalimbali za matumizi By mouth, IM, IV, sub-Q
Data ya utendakazi
Uingiaji katika mzunguko wa mwili 50–100%[2]
Kimetaboliki Liver[2]
Utoaji wa uchafu Urine[2]
Vitambulisho
Nambari ya ATC ?
Visawe FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, folacin, vitamin B9,[3] and historically, vitamin Bc and vitamin M[4]
Data ya kikemikali
Fomyula C19H19N7O6 
Data ya kimwili
Densiti 1.6±0.1[5] g/cm³
Kiwango cha kuyeyuka 250 °C (482 °F) (decomposition)
Solubility in water 1.6 mg/L (25 °C) mg/mL (20 °C)

Folate, pia inajulikana kama vitamini B9 na folacine,[6] ni moja ya vitamini B.[2] asidi ya folia ya utengenezaji, ambayo hubadilishwa kuwa folic acid na mwili, hutumiwa kama kiongezi cha lishe na katika kuimarisha chakula kwani ni imara zaidi wakati wa usindikaji na uhifadhi. [7] Folates inahitajika kwa mwili kufanya DNA na RNA na kuchakata asidi amino muhimu kwa ajili ya kugawanywa kwa seli.[3][8] Kwa kuwa wanadamu hawawezi kutengeneza foli, inahitajika katika lishe, na kuifanya iwe virutubisho muhimu. [9] Hupatikana kwa asili katika vyakula vingi.[6][3] Kiwango cha kupendekezwa cha kila siku cha foleni kwa watu wazima nchini Marekani ni 400 micrograms kutoka kwa vyakula au virutubisho vya lishe. [3]

Folic acid hutumiwa kutibu anemia inayosababishwa na upungufu wa folic acid. [2] Asidi ya folic pia hutumiwa kama kiongezi na wanawake wakati wa ujauzito ili kupunguza hatari ya kasoro za tube ya neva (NTDs) katika mtoto.[2][10] Viwango vya chini katika ujauzito wa mapema vinaaminika kuwa sababu ya zaidi ya nusu ya watoto waliozaliwa na NTDs. [3] Zaidi ya nchi 80 hutumia utajiri wa lazima au wa hiari wa vyakula fulani na asidi folic kama hatua ya kupunguza kiwango cha NTDs. [11] Uongezaji wa muda mrefu na kiasi kikubwa cha asidi folic huhusishwa na kupunguza kidogo hatari ya kiharusi[12] na hatari kubwa ya saratani ya kibofu.[13] Kuna wasiwasi kwamba kiasi kikubwa cha asidi ya folic ya ziada inaweza kuficha upungufu wa vitamini B<sub id="mwTw">12</sub>. [3]

Kutotumia kutosha folic acid inaweza kusababisha upungufu wa folic acid. [3] Hii inaweza kusababisha aina ya anemia ambapo seli nyekundu za damu huwa kubwa sana.[3] Dalili zinaweza kujumuisha hisia za uchovu, moyo kupapasa, upungufu wa pumzi, vidonda wazi kwenye ulimi, na mabadiliko katika rangi ya ngozi au nywele. [3] Ukosefu wa folates katika watoto unaweza kutokea ndani ya mwezi mmoja wa ulaji mbaya wa lishe. [14] Kwa watu wazima, jumla ya kawaida ya foli ya mwili ni kati ya 10 na 30 mg na viwango vya damu vya juu kuliko 7 nmol / L (3 ng / ml).[3]  

Folate ilipatikana kati ya 1931 na 1943.[15] Ni katika Orodha ya Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni ya Dawa Muhimu. [16] Gharama ya jumla ya virutubisho katika nchi zinazoendelea ni kati ya $ 0.001 na 0.005 kwa dozi kama ya 2014.[17] Neno "folic" linatokana na neno la Kilatini folium (linalomaanisha jani) kwa sababu ilipatikana katika mboga za majani yenye kijani kibichi. [18]

Marejeo

hariri
  1. "Folic Acid". The PubChem Project. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 7 Aprili 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "Folic Acid". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1 Januari 2010. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Agosti 2017. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Septemba 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  3. 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 <"Fact Sheet for Health Professionals – Folate". National Institutes of Health. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2 Aprili 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  4. Welch AD (1983). "Folic acid: discovery and the exciting first decade". Perspect. Biol. Med. 27 (1): 64–75. doi:10.1353/pbm.1983.0006. PMID 6359053. S2CID 31993927.
  5. "Folic Acid". ChemSrc. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 28 Agosti 2021. Iliwekwa mnamo 8 Agosti 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  6. 6.0 6.1 "Folate". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2014. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 19 Agosti 2021. Iliwekwa mnamo 17 Machi 2018. Folate is a water-soluble B-vitamin, which is also known as vitamin B9 or folacin.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  7. Choi JH, Yates Z, Veysey M, Heo YR, Lucock M (Desemba 2014). "Contemporary issues surrounding folic Acid fortification initiatives". Prev Nutr Food Sci. 19 (4): 247–60. doi:10.3746/pnf.2014.19.4.247. PMC 4287316. PMID 25580388.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  8. Bailey LB, Caudill MA (2012). "Folate". Katika Eardman JW Jr, MacDonald IA, Zeisel SH (whr.). Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Tenth Edition. Ames, IA: ILSI Press/Wiley-Blackwell. ku. 321–342. ISBN 978-0-470-95917-6.
  9. Pommerville, Jeffrey C. (2009). Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology: Body Systems. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. uk. 511. ISBN 9780763787127. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.
  10. Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW, García FA, na wenz. (Januari 2017). "Folic Acid Supplementation for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement". JAMA. 317 (2): 183–189. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.19438. PMID 28097362.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  11. Wald NJ, Morris JK, Blakemore C (2018). "Public health failure in the prevention of neural tube defects: time to abandon the tolerable upper intake level of folate". Public Health Reviews. 39: 2. doi:10.1186/s40985-018-0079-6. PMC 5809909. PMID 29450103.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  12. Li Y, Huang T, Zheng Y, Muka T, Troup J, Hu FB (Agosti 2016). "Folic Acid Supplementation and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" (PDF). Journal of the American Heart Association. 5 (8): e003768. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.003768. PMC 5015297. PMID 27528407. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 27 Aprili 2021. Iliwekwa mnamo 8 Agosti 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  13. Wien TN, Pike E, Wisløff T, Staff A, Smeland S, Klemp M (Januari 2012). "Cancer risk with folic acid supplements: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ Open. 2 (1): e000653. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000653. PMC 3278486. PMID 22240654.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  14. Marino BS, Fine KS (2009). Blueprints Pediatrics (kwa Kiingereza). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. uk. 131. ISBN 9780781782517. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  15. Pond, Wilson G.; Nichols, Buford L.; Brown, Dan L. (2009). Adequate Food for All: Culture, Science, and Technology of Food in the 21st Century (kwa Kiingereza). CRC Press. uk. 148. ISBN 9781420077544. Folic acid's discovery started in 1931...
  16. World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  17. "Folic Acid". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 22 Januari 2018. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Septemba 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  18. Chambers Concise Dictionary. Allied Publishers. 2004. uk. 451. ISBN 9788186062364. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)