Dimenshia

(Elekezwa kutoka Utovukumbu)

Dimenshia ni kategoria pana ya magonjwa ya ubongo yanayosababisha upunguaji wa muda mrefu na mara kwa mara wa polepole katika uwezo wa kufikiria na kukumbuka kiasi kwamba utendakazi wa kawaida wa mtu unaathiriwa.[1] Dalili zingine zinazotokea sana ni matatizo ya kihisia, matatizo ya lugha, na upungufu katika motisha.[1][2] Ufahamu wa mtu hauathiriwi.[1] Ili utambuzi uweze kufaulu, ni lazima kuwe na mabadiliko kutoka kwa utendakazi wa kawaida wa akili ya mtu na upungufu mkubwa kuliko utokanao na kuzeeka.[1][3] Magonjwa haya pia yana athari kubwa kwa watunzaji wa mtu.[1]

Mzee mwenye Dimenshia
Dementia
Mwainisho na taarifa za nje
Kundi MaalumuPsychiatry, neurology Edit this on Wikidata
ICD-10F00.-F07.
ICD-9290-294
DiseasesDB29283
MedlinePlus000739
MeSHD003704

Kisababishi, utambuzi, uzuiaji

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Aina inayopatikana sana ya dimenshia ni ugonjwa wa Alzheimer unaochangia asilimia 50 hadi 70 ya visa. Aina zingine zinazopatikana sana ni dimenshia ya mishipa (asilimia 25), dimenshia ya Lewy body (asilimia 15), na dimenshia ya muda ya upande wa mbele.[1][2] Visababishi visivyopatikana sana ni hidrosefalasi ya shinikizo la kawaida, ugonjwa wa Parkinson, kaswende, na ugonjwa wa Creutzfeldt–Jakob miongoni mwa vingine.[4] Zaidi ya aina moja ya dimenshia zinaweza kuwa kwa mtu mmoja.[1] Kiasi kidogo cha visa huathiri familia.[5] Katika DSM-5, dimenshia iliainishwa upya kama tatizo la neva tambuzi, na viwango tofauti vya ukali.[6] Utambuzi hutegemea historia ya maradhi hayo na uchunguzi wa utambuzi kwa picha za mwanga wa kitabibu na vipimo vya damu kuondoa visababishi vingine vinavyoweza kuwepo.[7] Uchunguzi mdogo wa hali ya akili ni kipimo cha ufahamu kinachotumika sana.[2] Juhudi za kuzuia dimenshia ni kujaribu kupunguza visababishi vya hatari kama vile shinikizo la juu la damu, kuvuta, kisukari na unene.[1] Uchujaji umma kwa jumla kwa ugonjwa huu haupendekezwi.[8]

Kudhibiti

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Hakuna tiba ya dimenshia.[1] vizuio vya Kolinisteresi kama vile donepezil hutumiwa mara kwa mara na vinaweza kusaidia katika ugonjwa mdogo ili kupunguza.[9][10][11] Faida ya jumla, hata hivyo, inaweza kuwa ndogo.[11][12] Kwa watu walio na dimenshia na wale wanaowatunza, hatua nyingi zinaweza kuboresha maisha yao.[1] Tatuzi za kiufahamu za kitabia zinaweza kuwa bora.[1] Kuelimisha na kutoa msaada wa kihisia kwa mtunzaji ni muhimu.[1] Programu za mazoezi ni muhimu kulingana na shughuli za maisha ya kawaida na huboresha matokeo.[13] Matibabu ya matatizo ya kitabia au saikosisi kutokana na dimenshia kwa vizuia saikosisi hutumika sana lakini hayapendekezwi kutokana na suala kuwa huwa na faida ndogo na hatari zaidi ya kifo.[14][15]

Epidemiolojia, prognosisi, na jamii

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Ulimwenguni, dimenshia huathiri watu milioni 36.[1] Takribani asilimia 10 ya watu hupata ugonjwa huu wakati fulani maishani mwao.[5] Hupatikana sana umri unapoongezeka.[16] Takribani asilimia 3 ya watu wa umri wa kati ya miaka 65–74 wana dimenshia, asilimia 19 kati ya umri wa miaka 75 na 84 na karibu nusu ya walio na umri wa miaka 85.[17] Katika mwaka wa 2013 dimenshia ilisababisha takribani vifo milioni 1.7, juu kutoka milioni 0.8 katika mwaka wa 1990.[18] Watu wengi wanapoishi zaidi, dimenshia inaendelea kupatikana sana kwa watu wote.[16] Kwa watu wa umri mahususi; hata hivyo, huenda ikawa kuwa unapungua, angalau katika nchi zilizostawi, kutokana na kupungua kwa visababishi vya hatari.[16] Ni mojawapo ya visababishi vikuu vya ulemavu miongoni mwa wazee.[2] Inaaminika kusababisha gharama za kiuchumi za dola bilioni 604 kila mwaka.[1] watu walio na dimenshia mara nyingi huwa na vizuizi vya kimwili au kikemikali kwa kiwango kikubwa kupita kiasi, na kuibua masuala ya haki za kibinadamu.[1] Shutuma za kijamii dhidi ya waathiriwa hutokea sana.ref name=BMJ2009/>

Marejeo

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  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 "Dementia Fact sheet N°362". who.int. Aprili 2012. Iliwekwa mnamo 28 Novemba 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Burns, A; Iliffe, S (5 Februari 2009). "Dementia". BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 338: b75. doi:10.1136/bmj.b75. PMID 19196746.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  3. Solomon, Andrew E. Budson, Paul R. (2011). Memory loss : a practical guide for clinicians. [Edinburgh?]: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 9781416035978.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. Gauthier, Serge (2006). Clinical diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease (tol. la 3rd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: InformaHealthcare. ku. 53–54. ISBN 9780203931714. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  5. 5.0 5.1 Loy, CT; Schofield, PR; Turner, AM; Kwok, JB (1 Machi 2014). "Genetics of dementia". Lancet. 383 (9919): 828–40. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60630-3. PMID 23927914.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  6. Association, American Psychiatric (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (tol. la 5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. ku. 591–603. ISBN 9780890425541. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  7. "Dementia diagnosis and assessment" (PDF). pathways.nice.org.uk. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2014-12-05. Iliwekwa mnamo 30 Novemba 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  8. "Dementia overview" (PDF). http://pathways.nice.org.uk/. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2014-12-05. Iliwekwa mnamo 30 Novemba 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  9. Birks, J (25 Januari 2006). "Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (1): CD005593. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005593. PMID 16437532.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  10. Rolinski, M; Fox, C; Maidment, I; McShane, R (14 Machi 2012). "Cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease dementia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 3: CD006504. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006504.pub2. PMID 22419314.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  11. 11.0 11.1 Kavirajan, H; Schneider, LS (Septemba 2007). "Efficacy and adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in vascular dementia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". The Lancet. Neurology. 6 (9): 782–92. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70195-3. PMID 17689146.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  12. Commission de la transparence (Juni 2012). "Médicaments de la maladied'Alzheimer : à éviter". PrescrireInt. 21 (128): 150. PMID 22822592. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  13. Forbes, D.; Thiessen, E.J.; Blake, C.M.; Forbes, S.C.; Forbes, S. (4 Desemba 2013). "Exercise programs for people with dementia". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 12: CD006489. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub3. PMID 24302466.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  14. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. "Low-dose antipsychotics in people with dementia". nice.org.uk. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-12-05. Iliwekwa mnamo 29 Novemba 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  15. "Information for Healthcare Professionals: Conventional Antipsychotics". fda.gov. June 16 2008. Iliwekwa mnamo 29 November 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. 16.0 16.1 16.2 Larson, EB; Yaffe, K; Langa, KM (12 Desemba 2013). "New insights into the dementia epidemic". The New England Journal of Medicine. 369 (24): 2275–7. doi:10.1056/nejmp1311405. PMID 24283198.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  17. Umphred, Darcy (2012). Neurological rehabilitation (tol. la 6th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Mosby. uk. 838. ISBN 9780323075862. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  18. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 Desemba 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)