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Mtumiaji:Lucas559/Anorexia nervosa

< Mtumiaji:Lucas559
Lucas559/Anorexia nervosa
Mwainisho na taarifa za nje
Kundi MaalumuPsychiatry
DaliliLow weight, fear of gaining weight, strong desire to be thin, food restrictions[1]
Miaka ya kawaida inapoanzaTeen years to young adulthood[1]
VisababishiUnknown[2]
Sababu za hatariFamily history, high-level athletics, modelling, dancing[2][3][4]
Utambuzi tofautiBody dysmorphic disorder, bulimia nervosa, substance use disorder, hyperthyroidism, inflammatory bowel disease, dysphagia, cancer[5][6]
MatibabuCognitive behavioral therapy, hospitalisation to restore weight[1][7]
Utabiri wa kutokea kwake5% risk of death over 10 years[3][8]
Idadi ya utokeaji wake2.9 million (2015)[9]
Vifo600 (2015)[10]

Anorexia nervosa, ambayo mara nyingi hujulikana kama anorexia, [11] ni ugonjwa wa kula, unaojulikana na uzito mdogo, kizuizi cha chakula, hofu ya kupata uzito, na hamu kubwa ya kuwa nyembamba. [1] Watu wengi walio na ugonjwa wa anorexia hujiona kuwa wanene kupita kiasi ingawa kwa kweli wana uzito mdogo . [1] [2] Mara nyingi wanakataa kwamba wana shida na uzito mdogo. [3] Wanajipima mara kwa mara, hula kiasi kidogo, na kula vyakula fulani tu. [1] Wengine hufanya mazoezi kupita kiasi, kujilazimisha kutapika, au kutumia dawa za kupunguza uzito. [1] Matatizo yanaweza kujumuisha osteoporosis, utasa, na uharibifu wa moyo, miongoni mwa wengine. [1] Wanawake mara nyingi huacha kupata hedhi . [3]

Chanzo hakijajulikana kwa sasa. [2] Inaonekana kuna baadhi ya vipengele vya kijenetiki vilivyo na mapacha wanaofanana walioathirika mara nyingi zaidi kuliko mapacha wasiofanana. [2] Sababu za kitamaduni pia zinaonekana kuchukua jukumu kwa jamii zinazothamini wembamba kuwa na viwango vya juu vya magonjwa. [3] Zaidi ya hayo, hutokea kwa kawaida zaidi miongoni mwa wale wanaohusika katika shughuli zinazothamini wembamba kama vile riadha ya kiwango cha juu, uanamitindo, na dansi. [3] [4] Ugonjwa wa anorexia mara nyingi huanza kufuatia mabadiliko makubwa ya maisha au tukio la kushawishi . [3] Utambuzi unahitaji uzito mdogo sana. [3] Ukali wa ugonjwa hutegemea index ya misa ya mwili (BMI) kwa watu wazima walio na ugonjwa mdogo wenye BMI ya zaidi ya 17, BMI ya wastani ya 16 hadi 17, BMI kali ya 15 hadi 16, na BMI iliyokithiri chini ya 15. [3] Kwa watoto BMI kwa asilimia ya umri chini ya asilimia 5 hutumiwa mara nyingi. [3]

Matibabu ya anorexia inahusisha kurejesha uzito wa afya, kutibu matatizo ya msingi ya kisaikolojia, na kushughulikia tabia zinazokuza tatizo. [1] Ingawa dawa hazisaidii katika kuongeza uzito, zinaweza kutumika katika hali ya wasiwasi au mfadhaiko unaohusiana . [1] Aina kadhaa za matibabu zinaweza kuwa muhimu, kama vile matibabu ya kitabia au mbinu ambapo wazazi huchukua jukumu la kulisha mtoto wao inayojulikana kama tiba ya familia ya Maudsley . [1] [12] Wakati mwingine watu wanahitaji kulazwa hospitalini ili kurejesha uzito. Ushahidi wa manufaa kutokana na ulishaji wa mirija ya nasogastric, hata hivyo hauko wazi. [13] Baadhi ya watu walio na anorexia watakuwa na kipindi kimoja tu na kupona huku wengine wakawa na vipindi vingi kwa miaka mingi. Matatizo mengi huboresha au kutatua kwa kurejesha uzito.

Ulimwenguni, ugonjwa wa anorexia unakadiriwa kuathiri watu milioni 2.9 as of 2015 . [9] Inakadiriwa kutokea katika 0.9% hadi 4.3% ya wanawake na 0.2% hadi 0.3% ya wanaume katika nchi za Magharibi wakati fulani wa maisha yao. [14] Takriban 0.4% ya wanawake vijana huathirika katika mwaka fulani na inakadiriwa kutokea mara kumi zaidi kati ya wanawake kuliko wanaume. [3] [14] Viwango katika nchi nyingi zinazoendelea haziko wazi. [3] Mara nyingi huanza katika miaka ya ujana au ujana. [1] Ingawa ugonjwa wa anorexia uligunduliwa zaidi katika karne ya 20, haijulikani ikiwa hii ilitokana na kuongezeka kwa mara kwa mara au utambuzi bora zaidi. [2] Mnamo 2013 ilisababisha vifo vipatavyo 600 moja kwa moja ulimwenguni, kutoka vifo 400 mnamo 1990. [15] Matatizo ya kula pia huongeza hatari ya mtu ya kifo kutokana na sababu mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na kujiua . [1] [14] Takriban 5% ya watu walio na ugonjwa wa anorexia hufa kutokana na matatizo katika kipindi cha miaka kumi, hatari iliyoongezeka mara sita. [3] Neno "anorexia nervosa" lilitumiwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo 1873 na William Gull kuelezea hali hii. [16]

Marejeleo

hariri
  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 "What are Eating Disorders?". NIMH. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 23 Mei 2015. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Mei 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "NIH2015" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Attia E (2010). "Anorexia nervosa: current status and future directions". Annual Review of Medicine. 61 (1): 425–35. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.050208.200745. PMID 19719398. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Attia2010" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (tol. la 5). Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. ku. 338–345. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "DSM5book" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Arcelus J, Witcomb GL, Mitchell A (Machi 2014). "Prevalence of eating disorders amongst dancers: a systemic review and meta-analysis". European Eating Disorders Review. 22 (2): 92–101. doi:10.1002/erv.2271. PMID 24277724.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  5. ↑ Parker, Robert; Sharma, Asheesh (2008). General Medicine (kwa Kiingereza). Elsevier Health Sciences. uk. 56. ISBN 978-0723434610. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 26 Julai 2020. Iliwekwa mnamo 28 Julai 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  6. ↑ M.D, Michael B. First (19 Novemba 2013). DSM-5 Handbook of Differential Diagnosis. American Psychiatric Pub. ISBN 9781585624621. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 26 Julai 2020. Iliwekwa mnamo 28 Julai 2020 – kutoka Google Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  7. ↑ "Feeding and eating disorders" (PDF). American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 1 Mei 2015. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Aprili 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  8. ↑ Espie J, Eisler I (2015). "Focus on anorexia nervosa: modern psychological treatment and guidelines for the adolescent patient". Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 6: 9–16. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S70300. PMC 4316908. PMID 25678834.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Vos, Theo; Allen, Christine; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Brown, Alexandria; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J. (Oktoba 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |display-authors=29 (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  10. ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, na wenz. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (Oktoba 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  11. ↑ Sari Fine Shepphird (2009). 100 Questions & Answers About Anorexia Nervosa. Jones & Bartlett Learning. uk. xvi. ISBN 978-1-4496-3079-9. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  12. ↑ Hay P (Julai 2013). "A systematic review of evidence for psychological treatments in eating disorders: 2005-2012". The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 46 (5): 462–9. doi:10.1002/eat.22103. PMID 23658093.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  13. ↑ "Eating Disorders: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders.". 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW (Agosti 2012). "Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates". Current Psychiatry Reports. 14 (4): 406–14. doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y. PMC 3409365. PMID 22644309.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  15. ↑ Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, na wenz. (Januari 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  16. ↑ Gull WW (Septemba 1997). "Anorexia nervosa (apepsia hysterica, anorexia hysterica). 1868". Obesity Research. 5 (5): 498–502. doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00677.x. PMID 9385628.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

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