Mapacha
Mapacha au ndugu pacha ni watu au wanyama waliozaliwa kwa pamoja kutoka tumboni mwa mama yao[1]. Kwa binadamu mara nyingi huwa wawili.
Kuna aina kuu mbili za mapacha ambao ni wale wanaofanana na wale wasiofanana. Tofauti ni kwamba wa kwanza wametokana na kijiyai kimoja kilichofikiwa na mbegu moja, kumbe wa pili wametokana na vijiyai viwili vilivyofikiwa na mbegu mbili. Hivyo wa kwanza wana jinsia ileile na kwa kawaida kabisa DNA ileile, kumbe wa pili DNA zao ni tofauti, ila zinafanana kiasi kama zile za ndugu wote wenye baba mmoja na mama mmoja[2].
Kimataifa aina ya kwanza inatokea mara 3 katika ujauzito wa wanawake 1,000[3].
Tanbihi
hariri- ↑ MedicineNet > Definition of Twin Ilihifadhiwa 22 Oktoba 2013 kwenye Wayback Machine. Last Editorial Review: 19 June 2000
- ↑ Michael R. Cummings "Human Heredity Principles and issues" p. 104.
- ↑ April Holladay (2001-05-09). "What triggers twinning?". WonderQuest. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-04-14. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-03-22.
Marejeo
hariri- Bacon, Kate. Twins in Society: Parents, Bodies, Space, and Talk (Palgrave Macmillan; 2010) 221 pages; explores the experience of child twins, adult twins, and parents of twins, with a focus on Britain.
- Nieuwint, Aggie; Van Zalen-Sprock, Rieteke; Hummel, Pieter; Pals, Gerard; Van Vugt, John; na wenz. (1999). "'Identical' twins with discordant karyotypes". Prenatal Diagnosis. 19 (1): 72–6. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199901)19:1<72::AID-PD465>3.0.CO;2-V. PMID 10073913.
- Wenk RE, Houtz T, Brooks M, Chiafari FA (1992). "How frequent is heteropaternal superfecundation?". Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae. 41 (1): 43–7. PMID 1488855.
- Girela, Eloy; Lorente, Jose A.; Alvarez, J. Carlos; Rodrigo, Maria D.; Lorente, Miguel; na wenz. (1997). "Indisputable double paternity in dizygous twins". Fertility and Sterility. 67 (6): 1159–61. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(97)81456-2. PMID 9176461.
- Shinwell ES, Reichman B, Lerner-Geva L, Boyko V, Blickstein I (Septemba 2007). ""Masculinizing" effect on respiratory morbidity in girls from unlike-sex preterm twins: a possible transchorionic paracrine effect". Pediatrics. 120 (3): e447–53. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3574. PMID 17766488. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-10-06.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Lummaa V, Pettay JE, Russell AF (Juni 2007). "Male twins reduce fitness of female co-twins in humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (26): 10915–20. doi:10.1073/pnas.0605875104. PMC 1904168. PMID 17576931. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-10-06.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Schein, Elyse; Paula Bernstein (2007). Identical Strangers: A Memoir of Twins Separated and Reunited. New York: Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6496-1. OCLC 123390922.
- Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2009 May 15;151C(2):136-41. Not really identical: epigenetic differences in monozygotic twins and implications for twin studies in psychiatry. Haque FN, Gottesman II, Wong AH.
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