Uzazi wa mpango barani Afrika

                                                      

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Mara nyingi nchi nyingi zinazotumia uzazi wa mpango kwa kiwango kidogo huwa katika hatari zifuatazo; kiwango cha juu cha vifo vya akina mama, watoto wachanga, na uzaaji wa watoto kwa kiwango cha juu.[1][2][3][4][5]

Takriban asilimia 30 ya wanawake wote hutumia uzazi wa mpango, japo nusu ya wanawake barani Afrika wangetumia uzazi wa mpango kama ungepatikana kila wanapo hitaji.[6][7] Tatizo kubwa linalofanya utumiaji wa dawa za uzazi wa mpango kuwa mguu haswa kwa vijana maskini na ambao hawajaoa ni uchaguzi mdogo wa njia za uzazi, athari-mbaya au woga wa athari-mbaya, wenzi kukataa matumizi ya uzazi wa mpango, wasiwasi wa kidini, na upendeleo kutoka kwa watoa huduma za afya.[7] [8] Kuna ushahidi kwamba matumizi mazuri ya njia za uzazi wa mpango kunapunguza viwango vya vifo vya akina mama na watoto wachanga, na kuna boresha maisha ya akina mama, na kuchochea maendeleo ya uchumi.[9][10][11][12]

Sera za umma na mitazamo ya kitamaduni zina jukumu kubwa katika uelimishaji wa njia za uzazi wa mpango.[13][14][15][16]

Kuenea hariri

 
Vidokezo: Makadirio ya data yanayotegemewa ya mwaka 1998 na mwaka 2007 yakionyesha asilimia za wanawake walioolewa . Afrika Kaskazini: Algeria, Misri, Libya, Moroko, Sudan, Tunisia. Afrika Magharibi: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo. Afrika Mashariki: Burundi, Comoro, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Msumbiji, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Afrika ya Kati: Angola, Kamerun, Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati, Chad, Kongo, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Gabon, São Tomé na Príncipe. Kusini mwa Afrika: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, Afrika Kusini, Swaziland

Barani Afrika, asilimia 24 ya wanawake wenye umri wa kuzaa wana uhitaji wa uzazi wa mpango wa kisasa.[7] Rwanda na [[Uganda] wana uhitaji mkubwa zaidi wa viwango vya uzazi wa mpango..[17] Nchini Uganda, mashirika yasiyo yakiserikali (NGOs) yanajitahidi kufanya kazi ya upatikanaji wa uzazi wa mpango haswa maeneo ya vijijini.[18] Kulingana na utafiti uliofanywa na Nwachukwu na Obasi nchini Nigeria mnamo mwaka [2008], unaonyesha kuwa njia za kisasa za uzazi wa mpango hutumika kwa asilimia 30 kutokana na mahojiano ya utafiti huo.[19] Utafiti wa Afya ya Watu (DHS) wa mwaka [2013] uliweka wazi kuwa asilimia 2 tu ya wasichana wanaofanya ngono kati ya umri wa miaka 15 na 19 hutumia uzazi wa mpango,hivyo haishangazi kuona kwamba asilimia 23 ya mabinti katika umri huu wana watoto.[20]

Athari hariri

 
Mabadiliko ya matumizi ya uzazi wa mpango kwa wanawake wa Kiafrika kutoka mwaka 2008-mwaka 2012

Matumizi ya njia za kisasa za uzazi wa mpango zimeelezewa kupunguza kiwango cha uzazi kwa wanawake wa Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara.[21]

Marejeo hariri

  1. "Birth Rate". World Bank. Iliwekwa mnamo 21 October 2013.  Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  2. "Contraceptive prevalence". World Bank. Iliwekwa mnamo 21 October 2013.  Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  3. "Maternal mortality ratio". World Bank. Iliwekwa mnamo 21 October 2013.  Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  4. "Fertility rate". World Bank. Iliwekwa mnamo 21 October 2013.  Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  5. "Mortality rate, under-5". World Bank. Iliwekwa mnamo 21 October 2013.  Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  6. Cleland, J. G.; Ndugwa, R. P.; Zulu, E. M. (2011). "Family planning in sub-Saharan Africa: Progress or stagnation?". Bulletin of the World Health Organization 89 (2): 137–143. PMC 3040375. PMID 21346925. doi:10.2471/BLT.10.077925. 
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Family planning/Contraception WHO Fact Sheet". www.who.int (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo 2019-05-06. 
  8. DeRose, Laurie; Nii-Amoo Dodoo; Alex C. Ezeh; Tom O. Owuor (June 2004). "Does Discussion of Family Planning Improve Knowledge of Partner's Attitude Toward Contraceptives?". Guttmacher Institute.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. Gyimah, Stephen Obeng (June 2003). "A Cohort Analysis of the Timing of First Birth and Fertility in Ghana". Population Research and Policy Review 22 (3): 251–266. doi:10.1023/A:1026008912138.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. Alvergne, A; Lawson, D. W.; Clarke, P. M.R.; Gurmu, E.; Mace, R. (2013). "Fertility, parental investment, and the early adoption of modern contraception in rural ethiopia". American Journal of Human Biology 25 (1): 107–115. PMID 23180659. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22348.  Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  11. Carr, Bob; Melinda French Gates; Andrew Mitchell; Rajiv Shah (14 July 2012). "Giving women the power to plan their families". The Lancet 380 (9837): 80–82. PMID 22784540. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2. Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-05-10. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 October 2013.  Check date values in: |date=, |accessdate= (help)
  12. "222 Million Women Have Unmet Need for Modern Family Planning". The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 October 2013.  Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  13. Susheela Singh; Jacqueline E. Darroch (June 2012). "Adding It Up: Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services Estimates for 2012". Guttmacher Institute and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 201.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. "United Nations Millennium Development Goals". UN Web Services Section, Department of Public Information. 
  15. Bawah, AA; Akweongo P; Simmons R; Phillips JF (30 Mar 1999). "Women's fears and men's anxieties: the impact of family planning on gender relations in northern Ghana.". Studies in Family Planning 30 (1): 54–66. PMID 10216896. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.1999.00054.x.  Unknown parameter |hdl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |hdl-access= ignored (help)
  16. May, John F. (2017). "The Politics of Family Planning Policies and Programs in sub-Saharan Africa". Population and Development Review (kwa Kiingereza) 43 (S1): 308–329. ISSN 1728-4457. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2016.00165.x.  Unknown parameter |doi-access= ignored (help)
  17. "Unmet need for contraception". The World Bank. 
  18. "Make contraceptives available", D+C, development and cooperation, 23 June 2017. 
  19. Nwachukwu, Ike; O. O. Obasi (April 2008). "Use of Modern Birth Control Methods among Rural Communities in Imo State, Nigeria". African Journal of Reproductive Health 12 (1): 101–108. PMID 20695162.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. Damilola Oyedele. "Face the truth", D+C, development and cooperation, 8 August 2017. 
  21. Ijaiya, GT; Raheem UA; Olatinwo AO; Ijaiya MD; Ijaiya MA (December 2009). "Estimating the impact of birth control on fertility rate in sub-Saharan Africa". African Journal of Reproductive Health 13 (4): 137–145. PMID 20690281.  Check date values in: |date= (help)