Rwanda

^{Kwa maana nyingine za jina hili angalia Ruanda}

Jamhuri ya Rwanda (Kiswahili)
Repubulika y'u Rwanda (Kinyarwanda)

(Bendera ya Rwanda) (Nembo la Rwanda)
Lugha rasmi	Kiingereza, Kifaransa, Kinyarwanda, Kiswahili
Mji Mkuu	Kigali
Serikali	Jamhuri
Rais	Paul Kagame
Eneo	km² 26,338
Idadi ya wakazi	11,262,564 (Januari 2015)
Wakazi kwa km²	445
Jumla la pato la taifa kinaganaga	Bilioni $12.06
Jumla la pato la taifa kwa kila mtu	$909.91
Uhuru	kutoka Ubelgiji 1 Julai 1962
Pesa	Rwanda-Franc
Wimbo wa Taifa	Rwanda nziza (Rwanda nzuri)

Rwanda (zamani pia "Ruanda") ni nchi ya Afrika ya Mashariki isiyo na pwani kwenye bahari yoyote.

Imepakana na Uganda, Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, Burundi na Tanzania.

Rwanda ni mwanachama wa Umoja wa Mataifa na wa Umoja wa Afrika.

Jiografia

Hali ya hewa mjini Kigali.

Rwanda huitwa nchi ya vilima elfu (kwa Kinyarwanda: Igihugu cy'Imisozi Igihumbi; kwa Kifaransa: Pays de Mille Collines): ndivyo sehemu kubwa ya eneo lake inavyoonekana, hasa magharibi.

Ni nyanda za juu na milima; sehemu kubwa ni mita 1500 juu ya UB. Milima kaskazini mwa nchi inapanda hadi mita 4507 juu ya UB. Kutokana na urefu huo hali ya hewa haina joto kali.

Mpaka na Kongo ni hasa Ziwa Kivu ambalo ni mojawapo kati ya maziwa ya bonde la ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki.

Mpakani kwa Kongo na Uganda ndiyo milima ya kivolkeno ya Virunga.

Huko kuna mazingira ya pekee duniani yenye sokwe wa milimani. Wako hatarini kuangamizwa kutokana na uwindaji na upanuzi wa mashamba unaopunguza mazingira wanamoishi.

Miji

Miji mikubwa zaidi ndiyo: Kigali wakazi 745.261, Butare wakazi 89.800, Gitarama wakazi 87.613, Ruhengeri wakazi 86.685 na Gisenyi wakazi 83.623.(namba za Januari 2005)

Kigali ni mji mkuu wenye kiwanja cha ndege cha kimataifa na mahoteli makubwa.

Gisenyi ni mji kwenye ncha ya kaskazini ya Ziwa la Kivu mpakani kwa Kongo ukiwa jirani na mji wa Goma. Kuna usafiri wa mashua kwenda Kibuye na Cyangugu.

Kibuye ni mji mdogo ufukoni mwa Ziwa la Kivu. Una wavuvi wengi, kituo cha watalii na nyumba za kihistoria za wamisionari. Hadi mwaka 1994 Watutsi 250,000 waliishi katika wilaya ya Kibuye, lakini tangu uangamizaji wa Watutsi katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe wamebaki 8000 pekee.

Butare ni kitovu cha utamaduni kusini mwa nchi chenye chuo kikuu.

Wakazi

Wakazi wa Rwanda ni zaidi ya milioni 11. Banyarwanda milioni 2 wako Uganda na wengi zaidi Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo.

Makabila

Kwa kawaida vikundi vitatu hutajwa kuwa wakazi wa Rwanda ndio Wahutu, Watutsi, Watwa. Lakini kuna tofauti kali kati ya mawazo kama vikundi hivyo ni makabila, mataifa ya pekee au matabaka ya kijamii. Hali halisi wanatumia lugha ileile ya Kinyarwanda na wanafuata utamaduni uleule.

Wanahistoria wengi wanasema ya kuwa Watwa walikuwa wakazi wa kwanza wakiwa wawindaji, Wahutu ndio wakulima wa Kibantu waliopatikana kwa uenezi wa Wabantu katika Afrika ya Kati na mababu wa Watutsi waliingia kama wafugaji kutoka kaskazini.

Watutsi walikuwa tabaka la kikabaila, pia mfalme alikuwa Mtutsi. Lakini wengine wanaamini ya kwamba vikundi vyote vitatu vilijitokeza nchini si kama tokeo la uhamiaji mbalimbali lakini zaidi kama matabaka yaliyotofautiana kikazi: wakulima, wavindaji na wafugaji waliokuwa pia askari wa mfalme.

Wakati wa ukoloni Wabelgiji walihesabu mwaka 1931 wakazi wa nchi kama ifuatavyo: 84 % Wahutu, 15 % Watutsi na 1 % Watwa.

Kabla ya uhuru vilitokea kwa mara ya kwanza vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kati ya makabila mawili makubwa viliyosababisha kupungua kwa Watutsi kutokana na mauaji na zaidi kwa Watutsi kukimbilia nchi jirani. Mnamo 1990 asilimia ya Watutsi ilikadiriwa kuwa 9 - 10 %.

Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya miaka ya 1990 vilileta uangamizaji mkubwa wa Watutsi. Kati ya asilimia 75 hadi 90 za wakazi Watutsi waliuawa katika wiki chache za mwaka 1994. Baada ya mwisho wa vita Watutsi wengi ambao wenyewe au wazazi wao walikuwa wamekimbilia Uganda na Tanzania walirudi tena Rwanda.

Demografia

Kwa wastani kuna wakazi 300 kwa kilomita ya mraba ambayo ni msongamano mkubwa kabisa katika Afrika. Karibu nusu ya wakazi ni watoto hadi umri wa miaka 14.

Wastani wa muda wa maisha ni miaka 40 pekee. Vita vimesababisha idadi kubwa ya wagonjwa wa UKIMWI.

Lugha

Lugha ya taifa, lugha rasmi na lugha ya mama kwa Wanyarwanda wote ni Kinyarwanda ambayo ni lugha ya Kibantu, mojawapo ya Niger-Kongo.

Mijini na sokoni Kiswahili kinatumika pia lakini si lugha asilia ya Rwanda.

Lugha rasmi tangu enzi za ukoloni ni Kifaransa. Tangu mwaka 1994 serikali mpya, iliyoongozwa na Watutsi walioishi miaka mingi Uganda, imetumia pia Kiingereza kama lugha rasmi ya tatu.

Dini

^{Tazama makala Uislamu nchini Rwanda}

Kadiri ya sensa ya mwaka 2012 wakazi wengi ni Wakristo, hasa Waprotestanti (49.5%) na Wakatoliki (43.7%). Waislamu ni 2%.

Kwa sasa serikali inazidi kufungia maabadi. Miezi saba ya kwanza ya mwaka 2018, imefungia tayari makanisa 8,000.

Historia

Tazama makala "Historia ya Rwanda"

Rwanda ilikuwa ufalme tangu karne ya 16 kwa jina la Rwanda Rugali.

Mwanzo wa karne ya 20 ilikuwa sehemu ya Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani na sababu ya mzozo kati ya Ujerumani na Ubelgiji.

Baada ya Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia Rwanda ikawa chini ya Ubelgiji kama eneo lindwa.

Uhuru katika mwaka 1961 ulifika pamoja na vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe kati ya Wahutu na Watutsi. Uhusiano kati ya vikundi hivi viwili uliendelea kuwa vigumu.

Kuuawa kwa rais Juvenal Habariyama mwaka 1994 kulisababisha mauaji ya watu karibu milioni moja (walau 600,000) kati ya Watutsi, Watwa pamoja na Wahutu wasio na msimamo mkali.

Kikundi cha RPF chini ya Paul Kagame kiliingia kati na kuchukua madaraka.

Tangu ushindi wake wa kijeshi mwaka 1994 RPF ilianzisha serikali ya umoja wa kitaifa.

Mwaka 2003 palitokea uchaguzi wa kwanza.

Rwanda pamoja na Burundi zilijiunga na Kenya, Uganda na Tanzania kama wanashirika wa Jumuia ya Afrika Mashariki kwa maendeleo muhimu katika elimu, afya, uchumi na mambo mbalimbali. Mwaka 2017 bunge la Rwanda liliamua kufanya Kiswahili kuwa moja ya lugha rasmi nchini.

Vita vya Kongo vilivyokuwa na majeshi ya mataifa mbalimbali (Kivu Conflict) vilimalizika mwaka 2012.

Siasa

Serikali

Rais na mkuu wa dola ndiye jenerali Paul Kagame (RPF). Waziri Mkuu ni Anastase Murekezi.

Ugatuzi

Kuanzia mwaka 2006 kuna mikoa mitano inayogawanyika katika wilaya kadhaa:

Mkoa	Jina la Kinyarwanda	Makao makuu	Eneo (km2)	Wakazi (sensa ya mwaka 2012)
Kigali	Umujyi wa Kigali	Kigali City	730	1,132,686
Kusini	Amajyepfo	Nyanza	5,963	2,589,975
Magharibi	Iburengerazuba	Kibuye	5,883	2,471,239
Kaskazini	Amajyaruguru	Byumba	3,276	1,726,370
Mashariki	Iburasirazuba	Rwamagana	9,458	2,595,703

Tazama pia

• Orodha ya Marais wa Rwanda
• Orodha ya Wafalme wa Rwanda
• Orodha ya Mawaziri Wakuu wa Rwanda
• Orodha ya viongozi
• Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi
• Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na idadi ya watu
• Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na msongamano wa watu
• Orodha ya nchi za Afrika kulingana na pato la taifa
• Demografia ya Afrika

Viungo vya nje

Serikali

• The Republic of Rwanda (official government site).
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members Archived 17 Septemba 2013 at the Wayback Machine.

Taarifa za jumla

• Rwanda entry at The World Factbook
• Rwanda Archived 29 Novemba 2009 at the Wayback Machine. from UCB Libraries GovPubs.
• Rwanda katika Open Directory Project
• Rwanda profile from the BBC News.
• Wikimedia Atlas of Rwanda

Utalii

• Rwanda Tourism Archived 4 Januari 2010 at the Wayback Machine. (official Rwanda Tourism Board site).

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