Septuaginta

Septuaginta (neno la Kilatini lenye maana ya "70"; kifupi LXX) ni tafsiri ya Biblia ya Kiebrania (au: Tanakh) kwa lugha ya Kigiriki ililofanywa mjini Aleksandria (Misri) kuanzia karne ya 3 KK hadi karne ya 1 KK.

Ukurasa moja wa Codex Vaticanus ambayo ni muswada ya kale kamili zaidi ya Biblia yote kwa lugha ya Kigiriki

Jina hilo limetokana na hadithi ya kwamba wataalamu Wayahudi 72 walitafsiri vitabu vya Torati katika muda wa siku 72 wakati wa mfalme Ptolemaio II (285–246 KK).

Idadi ya 72 ilitokana na watu sita kutoka kila moja kati ya makabila 12 ya Wanaisraeli ikafupishwa kwa kuikumbuka kirahisi kuwa "70".

Jina hilo liliendelea kutumiwa kwa tafsiri ya Kigiriki ya vitabu vyote vya Tanakh.

Wataalamu wa historia huona kwamba wakati wa Ptolemaio II vitabu vitano vya Torati (vitabu vitano ya Musa) vilitafsiriwa, na vingine vilifuata polepole katika muda wa miaka 200 hivi.

Kutokana na historia hiyo ndefu kuna tofauti katika lugha ya vitabu mbalimbali.

Tofauti kati ya Septuaginta na Tanakh

Septuaginta ina vitabu kadhaa visivyopatikana katika Biblia ya Kiebrania ya leo.

Inaonekana vilitafsiriwa vitabu vyote vilivyotazamwa na Wayahudi wa Aleksandria kuwa Neno la Mungu katika karne ya 3 hadi ya 1 KK, vikiwa ni pamoja na vile visivyokubaliwa katika maeneo mengine.

Uelewano kamili kati ya Wayahudi juu ya vitabu vinavyostahili kukubaliwa kama sehemu ya Biblia ulitokea mnamo mwaka 100, ambapo vitabu vichache vilivyotafsiriwa katika Septuaginta viliondolewa na Wayahudi wa Kifarisayo wa shule ya Yamnia walioshika uongozi wa Uyahudi na kushindana na Wakristo.

Azimio hilo lilisambaa polepole katika jumuiya za Wayahudi wa nchi mbalimbali.

Lakini wakati huo Septuaginta ilikuwa tayari Biblia ya kawaida ya Wakristo wa kwanza, hata kabla ya kukamilika kwa kanuni ya Agano Jipya.

Farakano kati ya Wakristo wa kwanza na Uyahudi lilikuwa limekamilika tayari, hivyo Wakristo hawakuona sababu ya kubadilisha vitabu vya Agano la Kale walivyopokea katika Uyahudi.

Sababu muhimu ilikuwa mwelekeo tofauti kuhusu lugha.

Wakristo, walioanza kama kundi la Kiyahudi, waliendelea kupokea watu wengi kutoka dini za kipagani za Dola la Roma wakatumia hasa Kigriki kama lugha ya kimataifa ya mawasiliano.

Hata Wayahudi wengi walitumia Kigiriki kati yao lakini karne ya 1 BK iliona pia mkazo mpya kwenye matumizi yao.

Baada ya maangamizi ya hekalu ya Yerusalemu mwaka 70 wakati wa vita ya Waroma dhidi ya Wayahudi, Wayahudi wengi waliona haja ya kushikamana zaidi hivyo mkazo kwenye utamaduni na mapokeo ya Kiebrania.

Tovuti za Nje

Kwa jumla

• The Septuagint Online - Comprehensive site with scholarly discussion and links to texts and translations
• Jewish Encyclopedia: Bible Translations
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Septuagint Version
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Versions of the Bible
• A thorough analysis of the Septuagint with resources
• Comparison of names in the LXX and Hebrew Bible (PDF)
• Codex: Resources and Links Relating to the Septuagint Archived 9 Septemba 2006 at the Wayback Machine.

Andishi la Septuaginta

• Septuagint as PDF file Archived 6 Oktoba 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Lacks diacritics.
• Septuagint published by the Church of Greece
• Plain text of the whole LXX, including the anagignoskomena
• Greek-English interlinear of OT & NT. Lacks diacritics and anagignoskomena.
• Bible Resource Pages Archived 24 Mei 2007 at the Wayback Machine. - contains Septuagint texts (with diacritics) side-by-side with English translations
• Septuagint and New Testament - Greek Text of the Septuagint and NT with parsing (no diacritics). Lacks anagignoskomena.
• Greek text - Complete Greek text (no diacritics, needs special font) hyperlinked to Strong's concordance. Anagignoskomena do not display.
• The Septuagint in Greek as a MS Word document (Requires Vusllius Old Face Archived 4 Januari 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. Intor and book abbreviations in Latin.)
• The Book of Daniel from an Old Greek LXX Archived 25 Februari 2008 at the Wayback Machine. (no diacritics, needs special font)
• Sir Lancelot C.L. Brenton's translation
• The Septuagint LXX: Greek and English Archived 4 Oktoba 2019 at the Wayback Machine. partial version of Brenton's edition, wiki text and PNG images. (difficult navigation)
• The New English Translation of the Septuagint (NETS), preliminary edition
• Project to produce an Orthodox Study Bible (OSB) whose Old Testament is based entirely on the Septuagint.
• The Holy Orthodox Bible, another English translation project of the Septuagint using Greek Orthodox texts of the Septuagint Archived 20 Juni 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
• The Septuagint LXX in English (Online text of the entire LXX English translation by Sir Lancelot Brenton) Archived 28 Julai 2011 at the Wayback Machine.

LXX na Agano Jipya

• Septuagint references in NT by John Salza
• The New Testament and the Septuagint - Instances where the New Testament quotes the LXX against the Masoretic Hebrew
• The New Testament and the Hebrew OT - Instances where the New Testament quote agrees with the Masoretic Hebrew meaning
• A defense of the quoting of the LXX by the writers of the New Testament.

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya Biblia bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Septuaginta kama historia yake au athari wake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.