Kulturkampf : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
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Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika 'thumb|200px|Papa Pius IX (1878 hivi). File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R29818, Otto von Bismarck.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Bismarck (1875...' |
(Hakuna tofauti)
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Pitio la 12:50, 7 Desemba 2016
Kulturkampf (kwa Kijerumani "Vita vya utamaduni") ni jina la ushindani kati ya serikali za nchi kadhaa, hasa Dola la Ujerumani chini ya kansela Otto von Bismarck, na Kanisa Katoliki katika karne ya 19[1][2][3][4][5][6].
Serikali nyingi zilitaka kushika mamlaka zote juu ya raia zake, wakati Papa na maaskofu hawakupenda kupotewa na athira zao za muda mrefu juu ya waumini katika masuala ya kijamii.
Tanbihi
- ↑ Josef L. Altholz, "The Vatican Decrees Controversy, 1874-1875." Catholic Historical Review (1972): 593-605. in JSTOR
- ↑ Ramet, Sabrina in: Obstat, Nihil. Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia, Duke University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-8223-2070-8, p 107
- ↑ Borst, William in: "The Mexican Kulturkampf. The Christeros and the Crusade for the greater Glory of God", Mindszenty Report 54#8 August 2012:
- ↑ Morton, Adam in: Revolution and State in Modern Mexico (Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), p. 50, ISBN 9780742554900
- ↑ Martin, Percy in: Causes of the Collapse of the Brazilian Empire, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Duke University Press, 1921, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 4-48
- ↑ Dittrich, Lisa in: Antiklerikalismuns in Europa: Öffentlichkeit und Säkularisierung in Frankreich, Spanien und Deutschland (1848-1914), Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1914, ISBN 9783525310236
Viungo vya nje
- "Bismarck’s Failure: the Kulturkampf" long description
- Founding Manifesto of the Protestant League (1887); Statistics on Membership (1887-1913) (English translation) a German anti-Catholic propaganda organization that became active after the Kulturkampf
- Bismarck’s Domestic Polices 1871 -1890 Kulturkampf in the context of Bismarck's entire domestic policies, by a head of history at Catholic University School in Dublin
- Kulturkampf Now and Then 13-paged essay in pdf by a Professor of the United States Air Force Academy
- Ludwig Windthorst Speaks in the Prussian Parliament (1873) speech of Ludwig Windthorst following its analysis
- Bismarck on the purpose of the Kulturkampf Speech in the Prussian House of Lords, March 10, 1873
- Kulturkampf: Bibliography by LitDok East-Central Europe Herder-Institut (Marburg)
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