Nyoka Mnafiki

Nyoka mnafiki
Nyoka mnafiki wa Taita (Boulengerula taitanus)
Uainishaji wa kisayansi
Himaya: Animalia (Wanyama) Faila: Chordata (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni) Ngeli: Amfibia (Wanyama wanaoanza maisha kwenye maji na kuendelea nchi kavu) Oda: Gymnophiona (Nyoka wanafiki)
Ngazi za chini
Familia 10: Caeciliidae Chikilidae Dermophiidae Herpelidae Ichthyophiidae Indotyphlidae Rhinatrematidae Scolecomorphidae Siphonopidae Typhlonectidae

Nyoka wanafiki ni wanyama wa oda Gymnophiona katika ngeli Amfibia wafananao na nyoka au nyungunyungu wakubwa. Wanyama hawa si nyoka au nyungunyungu kwa ukweli na hata si Reptilia au Annelida. Wana mnasaba na salamanda na vyura lakini hawana miguu. Mkia wao ni mfupi sana au umetoweka, kwa hivyo kloaka iko karibu na mwisho wa mwili. Hupitisha maisha yao yote wakichimba ardhini lakini spishi za familia Typhlonectidae huishi majini na zina aina ya pezi juu ya sehemu ya nyuma ya mwili ambayo inazisaidia kwenda mbele majini. Macho ya nyoka wanafiki ni wadogo na yamefunika kwa ngozi. Kwa hivyo hawawezi kuona vizuri lakini wanaweza kutambua baina ya nuru na giza. Wanyama hawa wanatokea katika mahali pa majimaji pa tropiki kama Afrika, Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki na Amerika ya Kati na ya Kusini.

Kuzaa

Nyoka wanafiki hawana ndubwi kama salamanda au vyura. Spishi chache tu (±25%) hutaga mayai, nyingine huzaa wana wanaofanana na wazazi wao. Hata watagamayai takriban wote hutoka mayai kama nyoka wadogo. Spishi chache tu zina wana wanaofanana na ndubwi wenye matamvua na hata hawa hawaishi majini lakini katika udongo chepechepe karibu na maji, isipokuwa wale wa Typhlonectidae.

Spishi za Afrika

• Boulengerula boulengeri, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Usambara (Usambara bluish-grey caecilian)
• Boulengerula changamwensis, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Changamwe (Changamwe caecilian)
• Boulengerual denhardti, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Tana (Tana River caecilian)
• Boulengerula fischeri, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Nyungwe (Nyungwe Forest caecilian)
• Boulengerula niedeni, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Sagalla (Sagalla caecilian)
• Boulengerula uluguruensis, Nyoka Mnafiki Pinki wa Uluguru (Uluguru pink caecilian)
• Crotaphatrema bornmuelleri, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Bornmüller (Bornmüller's caecilian)
• Crotaphatrema lamottei, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Mlima Oku (Mont Oku caecilian)
• Crotaphatrema tchabalmbaboensis, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Mlima Tchabal Mbabo (Mont Tchabal Mbabo caecilian)
• Geotrypetes angeli, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Gini (Geotrypetes angeli)
• Geotrypetes pseudoangeli, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Liberia (Geotrypetes pseudoangeli)
• Geotrypetes seraphini, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Gaboni (Gaboon caecilian)
• Grandisonia alternans, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Stejneger (Stejneger's caecilian)
• Grandisonia brevis, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Mahe (Mahé caecilian)
• Grandisonia larvata, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Bahari ya Hindi (Indian Ocean caecilian)
• Grandisonia sechellensis, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Shelisheli (Seychelles caecilian)
• Herpele multiplicata, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Viktoria (Victoria caecilian)
• Herpele squalostoma, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Kongo (Congo caecilian)
• Hypogeophis rostratus, Nyoka Mnafiki Pua-ncha (Frigate Island caecilian)
• Idiocranium russeli, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Makumuno Assumbo (Makumuno Assumbo caecilian)
• Praslinia cooperi, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Cooper (Praslin caecilian)
• Schistometopum gregorii, Nyoka Mnafiki Mkazi-matope (Mud-dwelling caecilian)
• Schistometopum thomense, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Sao Tome (São Tomé caecilian)
• Scolecomorphus kirkii, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Kirk (Kirk's caecilian)
• Scolecomorphus uluguruensis, Nyoka Mnafiki Zaituni wa Uluguru (Uluguru olive caecilian)
• Scolecomorphus vittatus, Nyoka Mnafiki Mgongo-mweusi (Banded caecilian)
• Sylvacaecilia grandisonae, Nyoka Mnafiki wa Aleku (Aleku caecilian)

Spishi za mabara mengine

• Atretochoana eiselti (Eiselt's caecilian)
• Brasilotyphlus braziliensis (Brazilian caecilian)
• Brasilotyphlus guarantanus (Guarantã caecilian)
• Caecilia abitaguae (Abitagua caecilian)
• Caecilia albiventris (White-bellied caecilian)
• Caecilia antioquiaensis (Antioquia caecilian)
• Caecilia armata (Armoured caecilian)
• Caecilia attenuata (Santa Rosa caecilian)
• Caecilia bokermanni (Bokermann's caecilian)
• Caecilia caribea (Pensilvania caecilian)
• Caecilia corpulenta (Solid caecilian)
• Caecilia crassisquama (Normandia caecilian)
• Caecilia degenerata (Garagoa caecilian)
• Caecilia disossea (Rio Santiago caecilian)
• Caecilia dunni (Dunn's caecilian)
• Caecilia flavopunctata (Yellow-spotted caecilian)
• Caecilia gracilis (Slender caecilian)
• Caecilia guntheri (Günther's caecilian)
• Caecilia inca (Fundo Sinchona caecilian)
• Caecilia isthmica (Isthmus caecilian)
• Caecilia leucocephala (White-headed caecilian)
• Caecilia marcusi (Villa Tunari caecilian)
• Caecilia mertensi (Mertens's caecilian)
• Caecilia nigricans (Rio Lita caecilian)
• Caecilia occidentalis (Cauca caecilian)
• Caecilia orientalis (La Bonita caecilian)
• Caecilia pachynema (IntacSolid caecilian)
• Caecilia perdita (Andagoya caecilian)
• Caecilia pressula (Marudi Mountains caecilian)
• Caecilia subdermalis (Moscopan caecilian)
• Caecilia subnigricans (Magdalena Valley caecilian)
• Caecilia subterminalis (Taylor's Ecuador caecilian)
• Caecilia tentaculata (Bearded caecilian)
• Caecilia tenuissima (Guayaquil caecilian)
• Caecilia thompsoni (Thompson's caecilian)
• Caecilia volcani (Cocle caecilian)
• Caudacaecilia asplenia (Broad-striped caecilian)
• Caudacaecilia larutensis (Larut Hills caecilian)
• Caudacaecilia nigroflava (Kuala Lumpur caecilian)
• Caudacaecilia paucidentula (Kapahiang caecilian)
• Caudacaecilia weberi (Malatgan River caecilian)
• Chikila fulleri (Fuller's caecilian)
• Chthonerpeton arii (Chthonerpeton arii)
• Chthonerpeton braestrupi (Braestrup's caecilian)
• Chthonerpeton exile (Bahia caecilian)
• Chthonerpeton indistinctum (Argentine caecilian)
• Chthonerpeton noctinectes (Chthonerpeton noctinectes)
• Chthonerpeton onorei (El Reventador caecilian)
• Chthonerpeton perissodus (Minas Gerais caecilian)
• Chthonerpeton viviparum (Santa Catarina caecilian)
• Dermophis costaricensis (Costa Rican caecilian)
• Dermophis glandulosus (Dermophis glandulosus)
• Dermophis gracilior (Dermophis gracilior)
• Dermophis mexicanus (Mexican caecilian)
• Dermophis oaxacae (Oaxacan caecilian)
• Dermophis occidentalis (Dermophis occidentalis)
• Dermophis parviceps (La Loma caecilian)
• Gegeneophis carnosus (Periah Peak caecilian)
• Gegeneophis danieli (Daniel's caecilian)
• Gegeneophis goaensis (Goa caecilian)
• Gegeneophis krishni (Gurupur caecilian)
• Gegeneophis madhavai (Mudur caecilian)
• Gegeneophis mhadeiensis (Mhadei caecilian)
• Gegeneophis nadkarnii (Nadkarni caecilian)
• Gegeneophis pareshi (Paresh's caecilian)
• Gegeneophis primus (Malabar caecilian)
• Gegeneophis ramaswamii (Tenmalai caecilian)
• Gegeneophis seshachari (Seshachari's caecilian)
• Gymnopis multiplicata (Varagua caecilian)
• Gymnopis syntrema (West Forest caecilian)
• Indotyphlus battersbyi (Battersby's caecilian)
• Indotyphlus maharashtraensis (Maharashtra caecilian)
• Luetkenotyphlus brasiliensis (Sao Paulo caecilian)
• Microcaecilia albiceps (Tiny white caecilian)
• Microcaecilia dermatophaga (Angoulême microcaecilian)
• Microcaecilia grandis (Microcaecilia grandis)
• Microcaecilia iyob (Commemorative microcaecilian)
• Microcaecilia rabei (Tiny Venezuelan caecilian)
• Microcaecilia rochai (Microcaecilia rochai)
• Microcaecilia supernumeraria (Tiny Brazilian caecilian)
• Microcaecilia taylori (Taylor's tiny caecilian)
• Microcaecilia trombetas (Microcaecilia trombetas)
• Microcaecilia unicolor (Tiny Cayenne caecilian)
• Mimosiphonops reinhardti (Reinhardt's caecilian)
• Mimosiphonops vermiculatus (Worm-patterned caecilian)
• Nectocaecilia petersii (Upper Amazon caecilian)
• Oscaecilia bassleri (Pastaza River caecilian)
• Oscaecilia elongata (Yavisa caecilian)
• Oscaecilia equatorialis (Equatorial caecilian)
• Oscaecilia hypereumeces (Joinville caecilian)
• Oscaecilia koepckeorum (Quisto Cocha caecilian)
• Oscaecilia ochrocephala (Yellow-headed caecilian)
• Oscaecilia osae (Airstrip caecilian)
• Oscaecilia polyzona (New Granada caecilian)
• Oscaecilia zweifeli (Tributary caecilian)
• Parvicaecilia nicefori (Honda caecilian)
• Parvicaecilia pricei (El Centro caecilian)
• Potomotyphlus kaupii (Kaup's caecilian)
• Siphonops annulatus (Ringed caecilian)
• Siphonops hardyi (Hardy's caecilian)
• Siphonops insulanus (Insular caecilian)
• Siphonops leucoderus (Salvador caecilian)
• Siphonops paulensis (Boettger's caecilian)
• Typhlonectes compressicauda (Cayenne caecilian)
• Typhlonectes natans (Rio Cauca caecilian au Rubber eel)

Picha

• 
  Nyoka mnafiki wa Kongo

• 
  Eiselt's caecilia
• 
  Argentine caecilian
• 
  Mexican caecilian
• 
  Varagua caecilian
• 
  Angoulême microcaecilian
• 
  Ringed caecilian
• 
  Boettger's caecilian
• 
  Cayenne caecilian
• 
  Rio Cauca caecilian