Uhifadhi wa fasihi simulizi

Uhifadhi wa fasihi simulizi ni juhudi zinazofanywa kwa makusudi ya kuhakikisha kazi za fasihi simulizi^[1] zisisahaulike na hatimaye kupotea kabisa.

Kazi hizo zimeanza tangu binadamu walipoanza kupambana na mazingira yao ya kuishi pamoja^[2]. Kazi hizo zilisimuliwa na kuakisi shughuli zilizokuwa zikifanywa na watu katika mazingira ya wakati huo. Kadiri mazingira yalivyobadilika hali kadhalika mambo yaliyokuwa yakisimuliwa ndivyo yalivyokuwa yakibadilika. Hivyo, kulikuwepo na haja ya kuhifadhi kazi hizo kwa faida ya vizazi vipya^[3].

Katika kuhifadhi kazi hizo, kuna njia mbalimbali zilizotumika tangu kale na nyingine zinazotumika leo kwa kufaidika na maendeleo ya teknolojia^[4]. Njia hizo ni:

(a) Kichwani / Akilini

(b) Kwa maandishi

(c) Kwa vinasa sauti

(d) Kwa kanda za video, runinga na tarakilishi

(a) Kichwani

Kazi ya fasihi simulizi huwa katika hali ya masimulizi, hivyo mara nyingi huhifadhiwa katika akili ya mtu. Fasihi simulizi ikihifadhiwa kichwani huendelea kuwa hai kwani hadhira na fanani huweza kuwasiliana ana kwa ana. Hadhira huweza kumpongeza au kumhoji fanani papo kwa papo.

Udhaifu wa njia hii

Kusahau
Kufa kwa fanani au msimuliaji
Msimuliaji anaweza kuacha mambo muhimu.

(b) Maandishi

Fasihi simulizi huweza kuhifadhiwa katika maandishi. Mfano kwenye vitabu, vijarida na kadhalika. Fasihi simulizi ikihifadhiwa k2a njia hii haiwezi kupotea wala kubadilika. Njia hii inaweza kutunza kumbukumbu ya kudumu.

Udhaifu wa njia hii

Gharama
Hubagua (wale wanaojua kusoma tu)
Haipokei mabadiliko ya papo kwa papo
Baadhi ya vitendo havionekani.

(c) Vinasa sauti

Hizi ni zana zinazotumika katika kurekodi sauti. Mfano wa zana hizo ni tepurekoda au santuri. Katika njia hii, ukweli wa sanaa ya kazi haitabadilika, sauti halisi ya wahusika itaendelea kusikika kama ilivotolewa. Hivyo, fasihi simulizi haipotei wala kubadilikabadilika.

Udhaifu wa njia hii

Gharama
Kutobadilika kulingana na mazingira na wakati.
Utendaji wa wahusika hauonekani.
Zana hizo zinaweza kuharibika au kupotea

(d) Kanda za video/Runinga/Tarakilishi

Njia hii huweza kutumika katika kurekodi picha pamoja na sauti kisha kuzionyesha katika runinga au tarakilishi.

Udhaifu wa njia hii

Gharama
Kutobadilika kulingana na mazingira na wakati.
Zana hizo zinaweza kupotea au kuharibika.

Umuhimu wa kuhifadhi kazi za fasihi simulizi

Fasihi simulizi ikihifadhiwa kuna faida mbalimbali zinazojitokeza. Miongoni mwa faida hizo ni:

i) Kutopotea kwa kazi hizo: Fasihi simulizi ikihifadhiwa uwezekano wa kupotea huwa haupo. Kitendo hiki husababisha kazi hiyo iendelee kutumika katika jamii husika.

ii) Kutunza amali ya jamii: Mambo yanayojadiliwa katika fasihi simulizi ni mambo mbalimbali ambayo ni desturi ya jamii husika. Kitendo cha kuhifadhi kazi za fasihi simulizi husaidia kutunza amali za jamii ili ziweze kutumika kwa vizazi vijavyo.

Tanbihi

↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/oral-tradition Oral Tradition, Encyclopædia Britannica, John Miles Foley
↑ Henige, David. "Oral, but Oral What? The Nomenclatures of Orality and Their Implications" Oral Tradition, 3/1-2 (1988): 229-38. p 232; Henige cites Jan Vansina (1985). Oral tradition as history. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press
↑ Conservation of cultural heritage involves protection and restoration using any methods that prove effective in keeping that property in as close to its original condition as possible for as long as possible
↑ While reel-to-reel audio tape recordings are still used, video recordings have become standard. This allows the researcher to take body language and facial expressions (both important means of communication in themselves) into account. There is also an emerging trend to use the telephone to make audio journals when distance prevents face-to-face contact. In order to ensure the preservation of oral histories it is important that all work is properly transcribed and stored on reliable media. It is important to preserve oral histories in modern digital format to ensure longevity and usability. The simplest and easiest way to do this for audio histories is to purchase a "personal MP3 player" that has recording capabilities, and record directly to the flash chip in the player. These are very inexpensive and can hold many hours of interviews. The files should then be uploaded to a central computer server and copies can be burned to optical media, or copied to USB flash drives owned by the researchers, scholars and students working with the material. Recordable compact discs are commonly used over magnetic tape for the preservation of oral histories over a long period of time. Compact Cassette tapes and Videotape were popular but have been almost completely replaced by optical media such as CD-R and DVD media. CD-R is a successful technology that has proven its reliability over period of time, but it should be viewed with caution for long term storage as the media is easily scratched. The safest way is to make a "gold master" CD that is not ever checked out for use from the library, and duplicate copies of this for use by people wishing to access it. The Folk Heritage Collections, at the Library of Congress, set a standard for 24 bits when digitizing music. This creates "superb" sound and has a high level of detail (Danielson, 2001). The Library of Congress uses CD-R as one of its storage methods. The Library of Congress has a higher budget than many university or archives, therefore they are able to store materials in multiple places. But, the Library of Congress has stated that they do believe storing sound on CD-R is a safe storage method (Danielson, 2001). One can assume if it is considered safe by the Library of Congress it is a relatively safe method of preservation. A huge challenge of oral history preservation today is the battle with digital obsolescence. There is an obvious link between oral history preservation and digital preservation. Oral histories are often recorded on an assortment of tapes which are ultimately transferred onto computerized, or digitized, formats in order to facilitate their longevity. These digitized formats then have to be preserved, along with their corresponding metadata, just as any other digital objects are. Technological advances are happening everyday and it is difficult to keep up with these changes. Emulation and migration are two ways in which formats can be changed in order to be of use for longer. Emulation focuses on designing hardware and software that will imitate the old system so that it can accept the old files while migration focuses on fitting preserved data into a smaller number of formats that can still encode the complexities of the structure and form of the original format. Cfr. Soete, G.J. (1997). Transforming libraries: Issues and innovations in preserving digital information. Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries. With the recent cost decreases in hard disk drives, oral archivists are considering moving many of their popular holdings to permanent storage in a server farm. For example, a single terabyte disk drive costing under $100 USD can hold 1,900 hours of uncompressed audio. A CD-R by contrast can only hold 76 minutes of uncompressed audio. Disk drive array cards such as the 3ware 9650SE can field 8TB of redundantly protected data in a standard PC case. One of the big advantages of doing this is that as the servers age and are retired, the files can simply be copied to newer, larger replacement servers making hardware obsolescence a thing of the past.

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya fasihi bado ni mbegu.
Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Uhifadhi wa fasihi simulizi kama historia yake, uenezi au maendeleo yake?
Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa?
Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.

[1] ttps://www.britannica.com/topic/oral-tradition Oral Tradition, Encyclopædia Britannica, John Miles Foley

[2] Henige, David. "Oral, but Oral What? The Nomenclatures of Orality and Their Implications" Oral Tradition, 3/1-2 (1988): 229-38. p 232; Henige cites Jan Vansina (1985). Oral tradition as history. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press

[3] Conservation of cultural heritage involves protection and restoration using any methods that prove effective in keeping that property in as close to its original condition as possible for as long as possible

[4] While reel-to-reel audio tape recordings are still used, video recordings have become standard. This allows the researcher to take body language and facial expressions (both important means of communication in themselves) into account. There is also an emerging trend to use the telephone to make audio journals when distance prevents face-to-face contact. In order to ensure the preservation of oral histories it is important that all work is properly transcribed and stored on reliable media. It is important to preserve oral histories in modern digital format to ensure longevity and usability. The simplest and easiest way to do this for audio histories is to purchase a "personal MP3 player" that has recording capabilities, and record directly to the flash chip in the player. These are very inexpensive and can hold many hours of interviews. The files should then be uploaded to a central computer server and copies can be burned to optical media, or copied to USB flash drives owned by the researchers, scholars and students working with the material. Recordable compact discs are commonly used over magnetic tape for the preservation of oral histories over a long period of time. Compact Cassette tapes and Videotape were popular but have been almost completely replaced by optical media such as CD-R and DVD media. CD-R is a successful technology that has proven its reliability over period of time, but it should be viewed with caution for long term storage as the media is easily scratched. The safest way is to make a "gold master" CD that is not ever checked out for use from the library, and duplicate copies of this for use by people wishing to access it. The Folk Heritage Collections, at the Library of Congress, set a standard for 24 bits when digitizing music. This creates "superb" sound and has a high level of detail (Danielson, 2001). The Library of Congress uses CD-R as one of its storage methods. The Library of Congress has a higher budget than many university or archives, therefore they are able to store materials in multiple places. But, the Library of Congress has stated that they do believe storing sound on CD-R is a safe storage method (Danielson, 2001). One can assume if it is considered safe by the Library of Congress it is a relatively safe method of preservation. A huge challenge of oral history preservation today is the battle with digital obsolescence. There is an obvious link between oral history preservation and digital preservation. Oral histories are often recorded on an assortment of tapes which are ultimately transferred onto computerized, or digitized, formats in order to facilitate their longevity. These digitized formats then have to be preserved, along with their corresponding metadata, just as any other digital objects are. Technological advances are happening everyday and it is difficult to keep up with these changes. Emulation and migration are two ways in which formats can be changed in order to be of use for longer. Emulation focuses on designing hardware and software that will imitate the old system so that it can accept the old files while migration focuses on fitting preserved data into a smaller number of formats that can still encode the complexities of the structure and form of the original format. Cfr. Soete, G.J. (1997). Transforming libraries: Issues and innovations in preserving digital information. Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries. With the recent cost decreases in hard disk drives, oral archivists are considering moving many of their popular holdings to permanent storage in a server farm. For example, a single terabyte disk drive costing under $100 USD can hold 1,900 hours of uncompressed audio. A CD-R by contrast can only hold 76 minutes of uncompressed audio. Disk drive array cards such as the 3ware 9650SE can field 8TB of redundantly protected data in a standard PC case. One of the big advantages of doing this is that as the servers age and are retired, the files can simply be copied to newer, larger replacement servers making hardware obsolescence a thing of the past.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]