Kulturkampf
Kulturkampf (kwa Kijerumani "Vita vya utamaduni") ni jina la ushindani kati ya serikali za nchi kadhaa, hasa Dola la Ujerumani chini ya chansela Otto von Bismarck, na Kanisa Katoliki katika karne ya 19[1][2][3][4][5][6].
Serikali nyingi zilitaka kushika mamlaka zote juu ya raia zake, wakati Papa na maaskofu hawakupenda kupotewa na athira zao za muda mrefu juu ya waumini katika masuala ya kijamii.
Ushindani huo ulipata nguvu ya pekee Ujerumani baada ya nchi hiyo kuunganishwa chini ya Prussia na kutenga Austria. Hapo dola jipya lilijikuta kuwa na asilimia ya Waprotestanti kubwa kuliko awali ambapo Wakatoliki walikuwa wengiwengi. Hasa Prussia iliyoongoza dola hilo ilikuwa ya Kiprotestanti kabisa.
Mgongano ulisababisha serikali ya Prussia na ya Dola lote kutunga mfululizo sheria za kubana Kanisa Katoliki, na pia kufunga maaskofu wake.
Tanbihi
hariri- ↑ Josef L. Altholz, "The Vatican Decrees Controversy, 1874-1875." Catholic Historical Review (1972): 593-605. in JSTOR
- ↑ Ramet, Sabrina in: Obstat, Nihil. Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia, Duke University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-8223-2070-8, p 107
- ↑ Dittrich, Lisa in: Antiklerikalismuns in Europa: Öffentlichkeit und Säkularisierung in Frankreich, Spanien und Deutschland (1848-1914), Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1914, ISBN 9783525310236
- ↑ Borst, William in: "The Mexican Kulturkampf. The Christeros and the Crusade for the greater Glory of God", Mindszenty Report 54#8 August 2012:
- ↑ Morton, Adam in: Revolution and State in Modern Mexico (Rowman & Littlefield, 2011), p. 50, ISBN 9780742554900
- ↑ Martin, Percy in: Causes of the Collapse of the Brazilian Empire, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Duke University Press, 1921, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 4-48
Viungo vya nje
hariri- "Bismarck’s Failure: the Kulturkampf" long description
- Founding Manifesto of the Protestant League (1887); Statistics on Membership (1887-1913) (English translation) a German anti-Catholic propaganda organization that became active after the Kulturkampf
- Bismarck’s Domestic Polices 1871 -1890 Kulturkampf in the context of Bismarck's entire domestic policies, by a head of history at Catholic University School in Dublin
- Kulturkampf Now and Then Ilihifadhiwa 8 Novemba 2005 kwenye Wayback Machine. 13-paged essay in pdf by a Professor of the United States Air Force Academy
- Ludwig Windthorst Speaks in the Prussian Parliament (1873) speech of Ludwig Windthorst following its analysis
- Bismarck on the purpose of the Kulturkampf Speech in the Prussian House of Lords, March 10, 1873
- Kulturkampf: Bibliography by Ilihifadhiwa 31 Julai 2013 kwenye Wayback Machine. LitDok East-Central Europe Herder-Institut (Marburg)
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