Darubini ya anga-nje
Darubini ya angani (ing. Space observatory au space telescope) ni kifaa hasa darubini kilichorushwa katika anga la nje kwa kusudi la kuangalia na kupima violwa vya mbali kama vile nyota, sayari, galaksi na magimba mengine. Faida yake ni ya kwamba inaweza kuchungulia violwa hivi nje ya angahewa ya Dunia. Angahewa ni kama chujio inayozuia sehemu za spektra ya mawimbi ya sumakuumeme pia huwa na mwendo ndani yake unaoleta machafuko wa namna ya kuona nyota. Kwa hiyo darubini za angani zinaweza kuleta matokeo mazuri zaidi kushinda vifaa kwenye paoneaanga duniani.
Darubini za angani kwa kawaida ziko kwenye obiti ya kuzunguka Dunia au zinawekwa kwa umbali ambako graviti ya Jua na Dunia inajisawazisha yaani kwenye nukta ya Lagrange. Darubini ya Spitzer inafuata obiti ya kuzunguka Jua.
Utazamaji wa nyota kutoka kifaa kilichopo angani unawezesha vipimo nje ya spektra za nuru inayoonekana na mawimbi ya redio kama vile mawimbi ya infraredi na urujuanimno ambayo yanazuiliwa na angahewa. Pia picha zinazochukuliwa nje ya angahewa ambako miale ya nuru hazipiti kwenye uchepuko wa tabaka za hewa ni bora kuliko picha zinazopigwa duniani.
Darubini za angani muhimu (si orodha kamili)
| Jina | Tarehe ya kurushwa | Mwisho | Upeo wa vipimo | Isimamizi na |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1968 / 1973 | 1977 | |||
| Uhuru (SAS-1) | 1970 | 1973 | eksirei | NASA |
| Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 3 (Copernicus) | 1972 | 1981 | urujuanimno, eksirei | NASA |
| COS-B | 1975 | 1982 | gamma | ESA |
| International Ultraviolet Explorer | 1978 | 1996 | urujuanimno | NASA, ESA, SERC |
| Infrared Astronomical satellite | 1983 | 1983 | infraredi | |
| Astron (satelaiti) | 1983 | 1989 | urujuanimno, eksirei | Umoja wa Kisovyeti/Ufaransa |
| EXOSAT | 1983 | 1986 | eksirei | ESA |
| Ginga | 1987 | 1991 | eksirei | ISAS |
| Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) | 1989 | 1993 | mikrowevu | NASA |
| Hipparcos | 1989 | 1993 | nuru inayoonekana | ESA |
| ROSAT | 1990 | 1999 | eksirei | DLR |
| Hubble | 1990 | nuru inayoonekana, urujuanimno, infraredi | NASA, ESA | |
| Compton gamma Ray Observatory | 1991 | 2000 | gamma | NASA |
| Yohkoh | 1991 | 2001 | eksirei | ISAS |
| Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer | 1992 | 2001 | urujuanimno | NASA |
| Advanced satelaitie for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASTRO-D) | 1993 | 2000 | eksirei | ISAS |
| Infrared Space Observatory | 1995 | 1998 | infraredi | ESA |
| Solar and Heliospheric Observatory | 1995 | nuru inayoonekana, urujuanimno | NASA, ESA | |
| Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) | 1995 | 2012 | eksirei | NASA |
| BeppoSAX | 1996 | 2002 | eksirei | ASI |
| Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer | 1999 | 2007 | urujuanimno | NASA |
| Chandra (darubini) | 1999 | eksirei | NASA | |
| XMM-Newton | 1999 | eksirei | ESA | |
| Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) | 2001 | 2010 | mikrowevu | NASA |
| Integral (satellite) | 2002 | gamma | ESA | |
| Galaxy Evolution Explorer | 2003 | 2013 | urujuanimno | NASA |
| Spitzer darubini ya anga-nje | 2003 | infraredi | NASA | |
| MOST (satellite) | 2003 | CSA | ||
| Swift (satellite) | 2004 | gamma | NASA | |
| ASTRO-E (Suzaku) | 2005 | eksirei | JAXA | |
| ASTRO-F (Akari) | 2006 | 2011 | infraredi | JAXA |
| COROT (darubini ya anga-nje) | 2006 | 2013 | nuru inayoonekana | CNES/ESA |
| AGILE | 2007 | gamma | ASI | |
| Fermi gamma-ray Space Telescope | 2008 | gamma | NASA | |
| Kepler (darubini ya anga-nje) | 2009 | 2013 | nuru inayoonekana, infraredi | NASA |
| Planck (darubini ya anga-nje) | 2009 | 2013 | mikrowevu | ESA |
| Herschel (darubini ya anga-nje) | 2009 | 2012 für HFI | infraredi | ESA |
| Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer | 2009 | 2011 | infraredi | NASA |
| RadioAstron (Spektr R) | 2011 | mikrowevu | Idara ya stronomia ya Taasisi ya Lebedew kwa Fizikia, Moskwa[1] | |
| NuSTAR | 2012 | eksirei | NASA | |
| NEOSSat | 2013 | nuru inayoonekana | CSA | |
| Gaia | 2013 | nuru inayoonekana | ESA | |
| ASTRO-H (Hitomi) | 2016 | eksirei | JAXA, NASA, ESA, CSA | |
| Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) | 2017 | eksirei | CNSA | |
| James Webb (darubini ya anga-nje) | 2021 | infraredi | NASA, ESA, CSA | |
| Public Telescope (PST) | 2019 (inapangwa) | nuru inayoonekana, Ultraviolett (urujuanimno) | astrofactum[2] | |
| ASTRO-1 Telescope | 2020 (inapangwa) | nuru inayoonekana, Ultraviolett (urujuanimno) | BoldlyGo Institute[3][4] | |
| Euclid (darubini ya anga-nje) | 2020 (inapangwa) | nuru inayoonekana, nahes infraredi | ESA |
- ↑ RadioAstron Archived 31 Desemba 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Lebedew-Institut für Physik, abgerufen am 30. August 2011.
- ↑ Ein privates darubini ya angani für Amateure und Profis
- ↑ "Astro-1 Space Telescope". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2021-11-26. Iliwekwa mnamo 2022-03-27.
- ↑ Corning Donates $1.8 Million in Parts for ASTRO-1 Telescope