Farakano la mwaka 1054

Farakano la mwaka 1054 lilitokea hasa kati ya Papa Leo IX wa Roma na Patriarki Mikaeli Serulari wa Konstantinopoli likasababisha ushirika kati ya Ukristo wa Magharibi na sehemu kubwa ya Ukristo wa Mashariki usiendelee kuwa kamili hadi leo.

Hagia Sophia, kanisa kuu la Konstantinopoli wakati wa farakano.

Mahusiano yalikuwa yamezidi kuharibika tangu karne ya 4 ambapo ulianza ushindani kati ya miji hiyo miwili iliyokuwa kwa pamoja makao makuu ya Dola la Roma.

Maelekeo tofauti katika teolojia, maisha ya kiroho n.k. yalitumika kama visingizio katika kulaumiana, na hata kufarakana kwa muda.

Hatimaye mabalozi waliotumwa na Papa, ingawa hawakuwa na mamlaka hiyo, waliacha juu ya altare ya kanisa kuu la Konstantinopoli hati ya kumtenga Patriarki na Kanisa Katoliki, naye akaitikia kwa kumtenga Papa na Kanisa la Orthodoksi.

Juhudi mbalimbali za kurudisha umoja zilifanyika katika nafasi mbalimbali, lakini pengine haraka haikusaidia kuzifanikisha, kwa mfano katika Mtaguso wa pili wa Lyon (1274) na katika Mtaguso wa Firenze (1431-1449).

Njia ya taratibu iliyoshikwa pamoja katika karne ya 20 inatia tumaini zaidi. Inakumbukwa hasa tamko la upendo la tarehe 7 Desemba 1965 ambalo Papa Paulo VI na Patriarki Atenagora I kwa pamoja walifuta kutoka kumbukumbu ya Kanisa hati za mwaka 1054 ambazo pande hizo mbili zilitengana.

Marejeo

• Henry Chadwick. East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church: From Apostolic Times until the Council of Florence. Oxford University Press, 2003.
• Joseph P. Farrell. God, History, & Dialectic: The Theological Foundations of the Two Europes and Their Cultural Consequences. Bound edition 1997. Electronic edition 2008.
• Chrysostom Frank. Orthodox-Catholic Relations: An Orthodox Reflection. 1998
• Aidan Nichols. Rome and the Eastern Churches: a Study in Schism. 2010
• John Romanides, The Cure of the Neurobiological Sickness of Religion, the Hellenic Civilization of the Roman Empire, Charlemagne's Lie of 794 and His Lie Today
• Runciman, Steven (1955), The Eastern Schism: A Study of the Papacy and the Eastern Churches during the XIth and XIIth Centuries.
• Taft, Robert F (2010), Perceptions and Realities in Orthodox-Catholic Relations Today, Fordham {{citation}}: |format= requires |url= (help).

Viungo vya nje

• Ware, Bp. Kallistos, Byzantium: The Great Schism, Father Alexander.
• Catholic Encyclopedia: The Eastern Schism
• Encyclopaedia Britannica: Schism of 1054
• Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of Pope Paul VI and Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I, 7 December 1965
• BBC Radio 4 round table: In Our Time: Schism (16 October 2003) (audio)
• East–West Schism, Orthodox Church in the Philippines, ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2012-09-05, iliwekwa mnamo 2014-07-26 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help).
• The Great Schism, Orthodox SCOBA.

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