Wakhazari

Wakhazari (kwa Kiing. Khazars) walikuwa kabila la wafugaji wa Kituruki lililofika katika maeneo ya Urusi ya kusini, upande wa kaskazini mwa Milima ya Kaukazi kati ya Bahari Nyeusi na Ziwa la Kaspi mnamo karne ya 6 BK.

Milki ya Wakhazari mnamo 650 - 850

Hapa walianza kutawala milki kubwa iliyounganisha makabila na mataifa mbalimbali. Ilhali walidhibiti sehemu ya barabara ya hariri walishiriki katika biashara ya kimataifa kati ya Ulaya, Urusi, Mashariki ya Kati na China wakatajirika. Kwa takriban karne tatu (650–965 hivi) Wakhazari walitawala milki yao wakipakana na Bizanti kwenye kusini-magharibi, Urusi kwenye magharibi na kaskazini, Ukhalifa wa Waarabu kwenye kusini na makabila ya porini kwenye mashariki.

Mnamo mwaka 1000 milki yao iliporomoka kutokana na mashambulio kutoka Milki ya Urusi. Hakuna uhakika kuhusu mwisho wao lakini inawezekana maeneo madogo yaliendelea kuwa chini ya utawala wa Kikhazari hadi karne ya 12.

Milki ya Khazaria ilishirikiana mwanzoni na Bizanti dhidi ya Milki ya Wasasani ya Iran na baadaye dhidi ya Waarabu na wahamiaji wa pori.

Mnamo mwaka 800 wafalme wa Khazaria waligeukia Uyahudi; wataalamu kadhaa wanaamini kwamba waliona wanadharauliwa na Wakristo na pia Waislamu wakiendelea kufuata dini zao za jadi, na kuwa Uyahudi unatambuliwa na pande zote mbili kwa namna fulani na hivyo waliweza kutunza uhuru wao bila kujiunga kabisa na upande mmoja. Inajulikana kwamba wafalme na wakubwa walikuwa Wayahudi lakini hakuna uhakika kiasi gani cha wakazi wa milki walijiunga pia na Uyahudi.

Haijulikani Wakhazari walienda wapi au waliingia katika makabila gani baada ya mwisho wa milki yao. Maana hawako tena na kuna nadharia mbalimbali kwamba waliendelea kwa majina tofauti katika kundi hilo au lingine lakini hakuna uhakika.

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Viungo vya nje

• The Kievan Letter scan in the Cambridge University Library collection.
• Khazaria.com
• Resources – Medieval Jewish History – The Khazars The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• Khazar Historic Maps at the Wayback Machine (archived 26 Oktoba 2009)
• The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, full English translation at sacred-texts.com
• Ancient lost capital of the Khazar kingdom found