Ustaarabu wa magharibi
Ustaarabu wa magharibi ni utamaduni wenye taratibu za kijamii, maadili, desturi, sheria, falsafa, imani, siasa, sanaa na teknolojia maalumu ambavyo asili yake ni Ulaya hata kame vimezidi kustawi sehemu nyingine za dunia ambazo historia yake ilikuwa na uhusiano wa pekee na bara hilo.
Mchoro maarufu wa Leonardo da Vinci unaoonyesha umuhimu wa binadamu katika mtazamo wa magharibi kuanzia Renaissance.
The Beatles, bendi lililouza albamu nyingi kuliko yote, linaendelea kuathiri magharibi si upande wa muziki tu.
Kwa kiasi kikubwa ni urithi wa Ugiriki wa Kale, Roma wa Kale, Uyahudi,[1] na utamaduni wa makabila mengine[2][3]lakini hasa wa Ukristo na madhehebu yake ya kwanza, Kanisa Katoliki,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] pamoja na Makanisa ya Kiorthodoksi[12][13].
Baada ya Matengenezo ya Kiprotestanti, athari yake imekuwa kubwa pia, hasa Ulaya Kaskazini na makoloni yake, kama yale yaliyounda Marekani, ambayo katika karne ya 20 imeshika uongozi wa dunia na kuzidi kusambaza ustarabu huo.[14][15]
Tabia yake ya msingi ni kujali na kustawisha akili badala ya kutegemea visasili na mapokeo. Ilikuwa hivyo kuanzia falsafa ya Shule ya Athene, ikaendelea baada ya uenezi wa Ukristo kupitia Teolojia ya Shule, Renaissance, Mapinduzi ya Kisayansi hadi Falsafa ya Mwangaza. Hiyo ilisaidia kutambua tunu kama haki za binadamu, usawa na demokrasia. [16]
Tanbihi
hariri- ↑ Role of Judaism in Western culture and civilization, "Judaism has played a significant role in the development of Western culture because of its unique relationship with Christianity, the dominant religious force in the West". Judaism at Encyclopedia Britannica
- ↑ Kim Ann Zimmermann, 2012, "What is Culture? Definition of Culture," LiveScience, July 9, 2012, see [1], accessed on 8 December 2014.
- ↑ Anon. (Western Culture Global), 2009, "Western Culture Knowledge Center: What is Western Culture?," see [2] Archived 14 Desemba 2007 at the Wayback Machine., accessed on 8 December 2014.Kigezo:Better source
- ↑ J. Spielvogel, Jackson (2016). Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715 (tol. la Cengage Learning). uk. 156. ISBN 9781305633476.
- ↑ Neill, Thomas Patrick (1957). Readings in the History of Western Civilization, Volume 2 (tol. la Newman Press). uk. 224.
- ↑ O'Collins, Gerald; Farrugia, Maria (2003). Catholicism: The Story of Catholic Christianity (tol. la Oxford University Press). uk. v (preface). ISBN 978-0-19-925995-3.
{{cite book}}: Check|first=value (help) - ↑ Roman Catholicism, "Roman Catholicism, Christian church that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization". Encyclopedia Britannica
- ↑ Caltron J.H Hayas, Christianity and Western Civilization (1953),Stanford University Press, p. 2: That certain distinctive features of our Western civilization—the civilization of western Europe and of America—have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo – Graeco – Christianity, Catholic and Protestant.
- ↑ Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church," 2nd edn. (Michael Adams, Trans.), Dublin:Four Courts Press, ISBN 1851821252, preface, see [3], accessed 8 December 2014. p. (preface)
- ↑ Thomas E. Woods and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, D.C.: Regnery History, ISBN 1596983280, PG. NOS: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. The Church in fact built Western civilization."
- ↑ Marvin Perry (1 Januari 2012). Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1789. Cengage Learning. ku. 33–. ISBN 1-111-83720-1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ H. McNeill, William (2010). History of Western Civilization: A Handbook (tol. la University of Chicago Press). uk. 204. ISBN 0226561623.
- ↑ Faltin, Lucia; Melanie J. Wright (2007). The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity (tol. la A&C Black). uk. 83. ISBN 9780826494825.
- ↑ Toynbee, Arnold (1947). A Study of History: Abridgement of, Volumes 1-6 (tol. la Oxford University Press). uk. 155. ISBN 9780199826698.
- ↑ Dawson, Christopher; Glenn Olsen (1961). Crisis in Western Education (tol. la reprint). uk. 108. ISBN 9780813216836.
- ↑ Jonathan Daly (19 Desemba 2013). The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization. A&C Black. ku. 7–9. ISBN 978-1-4411-1851-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Marejeo
hariri- Ankerl, Guy (2000). Global communication without universal civilization. INU societal research. Juz. la Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 2-88155-004-5Kigezo:Inconsistent citations
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help); Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) - Barzun, Jacques From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life 1500 to the Present HarperCollins (2000) ISBN 0-06-017586-9.
- Daly, Jonathan. "The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization Archived 30 Juni 2017 at the Wayback Machine." (London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2014). ISBN 978-1441161314.
- Daly, Jonathan. "Historians Debate the Rise of the West" (London and New York: Routledge, 2015). ISBN 978-1138774810.
- Jones, Prudence and Pennick, Nigel A History of Pagan Europe Barnes & Noble (1995) ISBN 0-7607-1210-7.
- Merriman, John Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present W. W. Norton (1996) ISBN 0-393-96885-5.
- Derry, T. K. and Williams, Trevor I. A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900 Dover (1960) ISBN 0-486-27472-1.
- Eduardo Duran, Bonnie Dyran Native American Postcolonial Psychology 1995 Albany: State University of New York Press ISBN 0-7914-2353-0
- McClellan, James E. III and Dorn, Harold Science and Technology in World History Johns Hopkins University Press (1999) ISBN 0-8018-5869-0
- Stein, Ralph The Great Inventions Playboy Press (1976) ISBN 0-87223-444-4.
- Asimov, Isaac Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Lives & Achievements of 1510 Great Scientists from Ancient Times to the Present Revised second edition, Doubleday (1982) ISBN 0-385-17771-2.
- Pastor, Ludwig von, History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages; Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and other original sources, 40 vols. St. Louis, B. Herder (1898ff.)
- Walsh, James Joseph, The Popes and Science; the History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time, Fordam University Press, 1908, reprinted 2003, Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-3646-9 Reviews: P.462 [4] Archived 2013-08-01 at Archive.today
- Ankerl, Guy (2000). Coexisting Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. INUPRESS, Geneva, 119–244. ISBN 2-88155-004-5
- Atle Hesmyr (2013). Civilization, Oikos, and Progress ISBN 978-1468924190
- Hanson, Victor Davis; Heath, John (2001). Who Killed Homer: The Demise of Classical Education and the Recovery of Greek Wisdom, Encounter Books
- Stearns, P.N. (2003). Western Civilization in World History, Routledge, New York
- Thornton, Bruce (2002). Greek Ways: How the Greeks Created Western Civilization, Encounter Books
Viungo vya nje
hariri
Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:
- An overview of the Western Civilization Archived 24 Oktoba 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
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