Falsafa
Falsafa (kutoka Kigiriki φιλοσοφία filosofia = filo, pendo la sofia, hekima) ni jaribio la kuelewa na kueleza ulimwengu kwa kutumia akili inayofuata hoja za mantiki. Kwa hiyo ili kutengeneza falsafa yako kunahitajika kuwa na hoja za msingi, hoja zilizojaa hoja (akili), kisha kuiweka falsafa yako kwa jamii ili waisome na kuielewa. Wapo watakaokubaliana na wewe kulingana na hoja zako na wapo watakaokupinga kutokana na hoja zako vilevile.

Falsafa huchunguza mambo kama kuweko na kutokuweko, ukweli, ujuzi, uzuri, mema na mabaya, lugha, haki na mengine yoyote.
Tofauti na dini, imani au itikadi, njia ya falsafa ni mantiki inayoeleza hatua zake ikiwa tayari kuchungulia upya kila hatua iliyochukua. Kwa hiyo falsafa ni njia ya kuuliza maswali na kutafuta majibu.
Katika lugha ya kila siku neno "falsafa" mara nyingi linachukuliwa kutaja jumla ya mafundisho au imani ya mtu au kundi la watu, kwa mfano "falsafa ya chama fulani", "falsafa ya maisha yangu" na kadhalika. Lakini kwa jumla fikra hizo hazistahili kuitwa "falsafa". Ila tu kuna makundi ya wanafalsafa wanaopendelea mielekeo tofauti na kuhusu haya inawezekana kutumia neno "falsafa ya fulani" kwa kutaja matokeo ya kazi yao.
Matawi ya falsafa hariri
Falsafa jinsi inavyoendeshwa kwenye vyuo vikuu huwa na matawi kadhaa kama vile:
- mantiki kama elimu ya kutafakari na mfululizo wa dhana
- maadili ni elimu ya kutenda mema
- metafizikia ni elimu ya vyanzo vya kuwepo, uhai na maarifa
- epistemolojia ni elimu ya ufahamu na mipaka ya yale tunayoweza kujua
Aina za falsafa hariri
Kuna mbinu nyingi za falsafa zilizoendelea kulingana na mazingira ya utamaduni ambako wanafalsafa waliishi. Mara nyingi falsafa imeendelea karibu na dini, ndani ya dini au kwa mchanganyiko na dini mbalimbali.
Lakini falsafa inachunguza pia matamko ya dini na kuuliza maswali juu ya maana ya matamko haya.
Wanafalsafa muhimu wa Asia walikuwa Konfutse na Lao Tze katika China na Buddha katika Uhindi.
Chanzo cha falsafa katika Ulaya kilitokea katika ustaarabu wa Ugiriki ya Kale. Wanafalsafa wa huko waliweka misingi mingi kwa dunia ya baadaye pamoja na misingi ya sayansi ya sasa. Kati ya majina mashuhuri ni Plato na Aristoteli.
Wanafalsafa hariri
Wanafalsafa wa Ugiriki ya Kale hariri
Wanafalsafa wa mapokeo ya magharibi hariri
- Agostino wa Hippo
- Severini Boesyo
- Thomas Aquinas
- Bonaventura wa Bagnoregio
- Niccolo Machiavelli
- Thomas Hobbes
- René Descartes
- John Locke
- Baruch Spinoza
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
- George Berkeley
- David Hume
- Immanuel Kant
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- Auguste Comte
- Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel
- Arthur Schopenhauer
- Mary Wollstonecraft
- Friedrich Engels
- John Stuart Mill
- Søren Kierkegaard
- Karl Marx
- Friedrich Nietzsche
- Jacques Maritain
Wanafalsafa wa kisasa kutoka Ulaya na Marekani hariri
- Bertrand Russell
- Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Jean-Paul Sartre
- Simone de Beauvoir
- Ayn Rand
- Karl Popper
- Willard Van Orman Quine
- Eugene T. Gendlin
- Noam Chomsky
- Rudy Garns
Wanafalsafa wa Afrika hariri
Wanafalsafa wa Asia hariri
- Konfutse (Confucius)
- Lao Tze
- Siddharta Gautama (Buddha)
- Acharya Madhwa (Madhavacharya)
- Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
- Al-Ghazali
- Zhu Xi
Tazama pia hariri
Marejeo hariri
- A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Usanifu wa Hoja, Salvatorianum, Morogoro
- A. Mihanjo, Falsafa na Ufunuo wa Maarifa, Salvatorianum, Morogoro
Marejeo mengine hariri
- Vyanzo (google books)
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- Historia
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- Ya kale
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- Karne za kati
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- Karne za mwishomwisho
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- Ya sasa
- Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings by James Baillie
- Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Thinking it Through – An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-513458-2
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- Makala muhimu
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- History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
- History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
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Viungo vya nje hariri
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Archived 26 Desemba 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- PhilPapers – a comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books by academic philosophers
- Philosophy Timeline Archived 8 Machi 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- Map of Western Philosophers
- Philosophy Magazines and Journals
- Falsafa katika Open Directory Project
- Philosophy (review)
- Philosophy Documentation Center
- Popular Philosophy
- An introduction to philosophy (in unsimple english)