Jongoobahari

Jongoobahari

Mbura kahawia (Actinopyga echinites)

Uainishaji wa kisayansi

Himaya:	Animalia
Nusuhimaya:	Eumetazoa
Faila ya juu:	Deuterostoma
Faila:	Echinodermata
Nusufaila:	Echinozoa
Ngeli:	Holothuroidea Blainville, 1834

Ngazi za chini

Nusungeli na oda:

†Arthrochirotacea Smirnov, 2012
- †Arthrochirotida Brandt, 1835
Actinopoda Ludwig, 1891
- Dendrochirotida Grube, 1840
- Elasipodida Théel, 1882
- Holothuriida Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017
- Molpadida Haeckel, 1896
- Persiculida Miller et al., 2017
- Synallactida Miller et al., 2017
Paractinopoda Ludwig, 1891
- Apodida Brandt, 1835

Majongoobahari (pia hujulikana kama jongoo la pwani, kojojo, kojokojo, babaje, kiazi, matiti) ni wanyama wa baharini kwenye ngeli Holothuroidea katika faila Echinodermata (wanyama ngozi-miiba). Jongoobahari wana ngozi ngumu na mwili mrefu wenye via vya uzazi moja iliyo na matawi. Wanyama hawa wanapatikana kwenye sakafu za bahari duniani kote, wakiwa wamegawanyika kwenye spishi zipatazo 1,717. ^[1]Nyingi ya hizi spishi zinapatikana eneo la Asia-Pasifiki.^[2]

Majongoobahari yana mchango muhimu kwenye mfumo wa ekolojia wa bahari kwa kusaidia kuzungusha virutubishi na kuvunjavunja mabaki na uchafu wa kioganiki wa baharini hivyo kuruhusu bakteria kuendelea na mchakato wa kuvunjavunja. Majongoobahari hukusanywa kwa ajili ya chakula japo baadhi ya spishi zinalimwa kwa kilimo cha majini. Majongoobahari yanayookotwa yanajulikana kwa majina mengi yakiwemo trepang, namako, bêche-de-mer au balate.^[2]

Kama walivyo wanyama ngozi-miiba wote, majongoo-bahari pia wana mjengo wa mwili wa ndani (kiunzi ndani) chini ya ngozi ambao mara nyingi unakua kwa muundo wa vifupa vidogo vidogo vya kihadubini vinavyounganishwa na tishu unganishi. Kwenye spishi nyingine mjengo wa mwili unakua kama visahani vyembamba vinavyofunika mwili. Spishi za kipelagia kama Pelagothuria natatrix (oda Elasipodida, familia Pelagothuriidae) hazina mjengo wa mwili.^[3]

Kwa lugha ya Kiingereza jongoobahari huitwa 'sea cucumbers', ikimaanisha matango bahari kutokana na kufanana kwao na matunda ya mtango.

Jongoobahari wa Afrika Mashariki

Actinopyga capillata, Mbura (Zanzibar) (Hairy sea cucumber)
Actinopyga echinites, Mbura (Zanzibar) (Brownfish)
Actinopyga lecanora, Mbura (Zanzibar) (White-bottomed sea cucumber)
Actinopyga mauritiana, Mburakhaki au Kijini (Zanzibar) (Surf redfish)
Actinopyga miliaris, Dole au Kijini (Zanzibar) (Hairy blackfish)
Bohadschia argus, Barango
Bohadschia atra, Tambi (Zanzibar)
Bohadschia maculisparsa, Tambi (Zanzibar)
Bohadschia subrubra, Dole (Zanzibar)
Bohadschia vitiensis, Kichupa (Zanzibar)
Holothuria atra, Jongoo Mweusi au Kichupa (Zanzibar) (Black sea cucumber)
Holothuria coluber, Kichupa (Zanzibar)
Holothuria edulis
Holothuria cf fuscogilva, Barangu Mwamba (Zanzibar) (White teatfish)
Holothuria fuscopunctata, Shirimeni (Zanzibar) (Elephant-trunkfish)
Holothuria isuga, Pauni (Zanzibar)
Holothuria lessoni, Myeupe (Zanzibar) (Golden sandfish)
Holothuria leucospilota, Jongoo Mweusi Mwembamba au Pauni (Zanzibar) (Black Tarzan)
Holothuria nobilis (Jongoo), Pauni (Zanzibar) (Black teatfish)
Holothuria sp. (Type Pentard), Barangu (Zanzibar) (Flower teatfish)
Holothuria scabra, Jongoo Kijivu au Nanasi (Zanzibar) (Sandfish)
Holothuria spinifera, Jongoo Kahawia au Sankude (Zanzibar) (Brown sandfish)
Stichopus sp., Tairi (Zanzibar)
Stichopus hermanni, Spinyo Mama (Zanzibar) (Curryfish)^[4]
Thelenota ananas, Jongoo Nanasi au Spinyo Baba (Zanzibar) (Pineapple sea cucumber)
Thelenota anax, Jongoo Mkubwa (Giant sea cucumber)

Picha

Mburanywele
Mburakhaki
Dole
Barango
Dole mwekundu
Kichupa
Jongoo mweusi
Jongoo anayelika
Shirimeni
Jongoo mweusi mwembamba
Pauni
Jongoo kijivu
Spinyo mama
Spinyo baba
Jongoo mkubwa

Mwainisho wa kisayansi

Mwainisho wa kisayansi kadiri ya World Register of Marine Species:

nusungeli Actinopoda Ludwig, 1891
- oda Dendrochirotida Grube, 1840
  - familia Cucumariidae Ludwig, 1894
  - familia Cucumellidae Thandar & Arumugam, 2011
  - familia Heterothyonidae Pawson, 1970
  - familia †Monilipsolidae Smith & Gallemí, 1991
  - familia Paracucumidae Pawson & Fell, 1965
  - familia Phyllophoridae Östergren, 1907
  - familia Placothuriidae Pawson & Fell, 1965
  - familia Psolidae Burmeister, 1837
  - familia Rhopalodinidae Théel, 1886
  - familia Sclerodactylidae Panning, 1949
  - familia Vaneyellidae Pawson & Fell, 1965
  - familia Ypsilothuriidae Heding, 1942
- oda Elasipodida Théel, 1882
  - family Elpidiidae Théel, 1882
  - familia Laetmogonidae Ekman, 1926
  - familia †Palaeolaetmogonidae Reich, 2012
  - familia Pelagothuriidae Ludwig, 1893
  - familia Psychropotidae Théel, 1882
- oda Holothuriida Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017
  - familia Holothuriidae Burmeister, 1837
  - familia Mesothuriidae Smirnov, 2012
- oda Molpadida Haeckel, 1896
  - familia Caudinidae Heding, 1931
  - familia Eupyrgidae Semper, 1867
  - familia Gephyrothuriidae Koehler & Vaney, 1905
  - familia Molpadiidae Müller, 1850
- oda Persiculida Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017
  - familia Gephyrothuriidae Koehler & Vaney, 1905
  - familia Molpadiodemidae Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017
  - familia Pseudostichopodidae Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017
- oda Synallactida Miller, Kerr, Paulay, Reich, Wilson, Carvajal & Rouse, 2017
  - familia Deimatidae Théel, 1882
  - familia Stichopodidae Haeckel, 1896
  - familia Synallactidae Ludwig, 1894
nusungeli †ArthrochirotaceaSmirnov, 2012
- oda †Arthrochirotida Brandt, 1835
  - familia †Palaeocucumariidae Frizzell & Exline, 1966
nusungeli Paractinopoda Ludwig, 1891
- oda Apodida Brandt, 1835Small text
  - familia Chiridotidae Östergren, 1898
  - familia Myriotrochidae Théel, 1877
  - familia Synaptidae Burmeister, 1837

Matumizi

Chakula

Jongoobahari wamekua wakitumika kama chakula kwa miaka mingi, soko kubwa likiwa kusini mwa China. Baadhi ya spishi ambazo huliwa sana ni:

Dawa

Jongoobahari husemekana wanatumika kama dawa ya kutibu magonjwa mbalimbali yakiwemo maumivu ya viungo na kasna japo hakuna ushahidi wa kisayansi kuthibitisha hayo. Utafiti unaendelea ili kujua labda baadhi ya kompaundi zilizopo kwenye jongoobahari zinaweza kua na tabia za kuzuia magonjwa kama kansa.

Tanbihi

↑ Paulay, G. (2014). "Holothuroidea". World Register of Marine Species. Iliwekwa mnamo 2 Machi 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Du H.; Bao Z.; Hou R.; Wang S.; Su H. (2012). "Transcriptome Sequencing and Characterization for the Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867)". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33311. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733311D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033311. PMC 3299772. PMID 22428017.
↑ Reich, Mike (30–31 Januari 2006). Lefebvre, B.; David, B.; Nardin, E.; Poty, E. (whr.). "Cambrian holothurians? – The early fossil record and evolution of Holothuroidea" (PDF). Journées Georges Ubaghs: 36–37. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo Februari 25, 2009.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Mmbaga T.K. and Mgaya Y. D (2004). "Sea cucumber fishery in Tanzania". Advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2020-02-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Novemba 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |accessdate= na |access-date= specified (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[1] Paulay, G. (2014). "Holothuroidea". World Register of Marine Species. Iliwekwa mnamo 2 Machi 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[DuH-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Du H.; Bao Z.; Hou R.; Wang S.; Su H. (2012). "Transcriptome Sequencing and Characterization for the Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867)". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33311. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733311D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033311. PMC 3299772. PMID 22428017.

[3] Reich, Mike (30–31 Januari 2006). Lefebvre, B.; David, B.; Nardin, E.; Poty, E. (whr.). "Cambrian holothurians? – The early fossil record and evolution of Holothuroidea" (PDF). Journées Georges Ubaghs: 36–37. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo Februari 25, 2009.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[Mmbaga-4] Mmbaga T.K. and Mgaya Y. D (2004). "Sea cucumber fishery in Tanzania". Advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2020-02-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Novemba 2021. {{cite web}}: More than one of |accessdate= na |access-date= specified (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

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