Maada
Maada (kutoka Kiarabu; pia: mata kutoka Kiingereza matter) ni neno pana linalojumlisha vyote vinavyoweza kuonekana, kusikika, kuguswa, kuchunguzwa n.k., ikiwemo hasa maada ya kawaida inayoundwa na atomi ambazo tena zinaundwa na kiini cha protoni na neutroni, kikizungukwa na wingu la elektroni.[1][2] Hivyo maada ni kitu chochote chenye uzito na kinachoweza kuchukua nafasi.
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| Maada kwa kawaida inaweza kupatikana katika hali nne. Picha zinazionyesha kutoka juu kwenda chini: kwazi (mango), maji (kiowevu), daioksidi ya nitrojeni (gesi), na tufe la plazma (plazma). |
Tangu karne ya 20 ufafanuzi sahihi wa maada umeshindikana kutokana na maendeleo ya sayansi, nayo si tena jambo la msingi katika fizikia kama ilivyokuwa awali.[3][4]
Maada inapatikana kwa kawaida katika hali nne: mango, kiowevu, gesi na utegili. Maada huweza kubadilika pale tu halijoto inapobadilika. Badiliko la maada linaweza kuwa kutoka gesi kwenda yabisi mfano mvuke kuwa barafu, yabisi kwenda gesi mfano barafu kuwa mvuke, kimiminika kuwa yabisi mfano maji kuwa barafu n.k.
Hivyo matawi mbalimbali ya sayansi yanatumia neno maada kwa maana tofautitofauti.[5][6][7]
Falsafa pia inatumia neno hilo, hasa kwa kutofautisha maada na roho, na hivyo ulimwengu unaoonekana na ule ambao hauonekani, lakini unasadikika kuwepo.
Tanbihi
hariri- ↑ P. Davies (1992). The New Physics: A Synthesis. Cambridge University Press. uk. 1. ISBN 0-521-43831-4.
- ↑ G. 't Hooft (1997). In search of the ultimate building blocks. Cambridge University Press. uk. 6. ISBN 0-521-57883-3.
- ↑
R. Penrose (1991). "The mass of the classical vacuum". The Philosophy of Vacuum. Oxford University Press. uk. 21. ISBN 0-19-824449-5.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - ↑ "Matter (physics)". McGraw-Hill's Access Science: Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Online. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2011-06-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-24.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|=ignored (help) - ↑ P.C.W. Davies (1979). The Forces of Nature. Cambridge University Press. uk. 116. ISBN 0-521-22523-X.
- ↑ S. Weinberg (1998). The Quantum Theory of Fields. Cambridge University Press. uk. 2. ISBN 0-521-55002-5.
- ↑ M. Masujima (2008). Path Integral Quantization and Stochastic Quantization. Springer. uk. 103. ISBN 3-540-87850-5.
Marejeo
hariri- Lillian Hoddeson; Michael Riordan, whr. (1997). The Rise of the Standard Model. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-57816-7.
- Timothy Paul Smith (2004). "The search for quarks in ordinary matter". Hidden Worlds. Princeton University Press. uk. 1. ISBN 0-691-05773-7.
- Harald Fritzsch (2005). Elementary Particles: Building blocks of matter. World Scientific. uk. 1. ISBN 981-256-141-2.
- Bertrand Russell (1992). "The philosophy of matter". A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz (tol. la Reprint of 1937 2nd). Routledge. uk. 88. ISBN 0-415-08296-X.
- Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield, The Architecture of Matter (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962).
- Richard J. Connell, Matter and Becoming (Chicago: The Priory Press, 1966).
- Ernan McMullin, The Concept of Matter in Greek and Medieval Philosophy (Notre Dame, Indiana: Univ. of Notre Dame Press, 1965).
- Ernan McMullin, The Concept of Matter in Modern Philosophy (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1978).
Viungo vya nje
hariri
- Visionlearning Module on Matter Ilihifadhiwa 2 Juni 2013 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Matter in the universe Ilihifadhiwa 27 Februari 2009 kwenye Wayback Machine. How much Matter is in the Universe?
- NASA on superfluid core of neutron star
- Matter and Energy: A False Dichotomy – Conversations About Science with Theoretical Physicist Matt Strassler
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Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya sayansi bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Maada kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |