Mapinduzi

Mapinduzi (kutoka kitenzi "kupindua" juu chini) ni mabadiliko ya haraka upande wa siasa na miundo yanayotokana na shinikizo la wananchi, linalotumia mara nyingi nguvu.

Mashambulizi ya Bastille, 14 Julai 1789 ndiyo mwanzo wa Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa, ambayo ndiyo maarufu kuliko yote.

George Washington, kiongozi wa Mapinduzi ya Marekani (1775-1783).

Sun Yat-sen, kiongozi wa Xinhai Revolution huko China mwaka 1911.

Vladimir Lenin, kiongozi wa Mapinduzi ya Urusi ya mwaka 1917.

Katika historia ya binadamu mapinduzi yalitokea mara nyingi kwa sababu, mbinu, muda na malengo mbalimbali.

Hayo yalifuatwa na athari kubwa juu ya utamaduni na uchumi wa jamii husika.

Pengine mabadiliko hayo ya mwisho pia yanaitwa mapinduzi hata yasiposababisha serikali ianguke.

Marejeo

• The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present, ed. by Immanuel Ness, Malden, MA [etc.]: Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 1-4051-8464-7
• Perreau-Sausine, Emile, Les libéraux face aux révolutions : 1688, 1789, 1917, 1933, Commentaire, Spring 2005, pp. 181–193

Viungo vya nje

• Interface journal special issue on "Crises, social movements and revolutionary transformations" Archived 25 Mei 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
• Daemon.be, Revolution in Political Risk Management
• John Kekes, City-Journal.org Why Robespierre Chose Terror. The lessons of the first totalitarian revolution Archived 3 Januari 2011 at the Wayback Machine., City Journal, Spring 2006.
• Plinio Correa de Oliveira, TFP.org Archived 27 Machi 2009 at the Wayback Machine., Revolution and Counter-Revolution, Foundation for a Christian, Third edition, 1993. ISBN 1-877905-27-5
• Michael Barken, ZMAG.org Archived 25 Februari 2007 at the Wayback Machine., Regulating revolutions in Eastern Europe: Polyarchy and the National Endowment for Democracy, 1 November 2006.
• Polyarchy.org, Polyarchy Documents: Revolution
• DailyEvergreen.com, Vive la Révolution!: Revolution is an Indelible Phenomenon Throughout History by Qasim Hussaini
• Hannah Arendt, IEP.UTM.edu, On Revolution, 1963, Penguin Classics, New Ed edition: February 8, 1991. ISBN 0-14-018421-X
• Ernest Mandel, "The Marxist Case for Revolution Today", 1989

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