Nation of Islam
Nation of Islam (Kiarabu: أمة الإسلام, hufupishwa kama NOI) ni shirika la Kiislamu lenye harakati za kidini ambalo lilianzishwa mjini Detroit, Marekani, na Wallace D. Fard Muhammad tarehe 4 Julai, 1930.[2] Malengo yake hasa ni kuboresha imani za kiroho, mtima, jamii na hali za kiuchumi za Wamarekani Weusi Waislamu wa Marekani na masuala mengine ya kibinadamu.[3] Watahakiki wamelipa jina shirika kama kikundi cha mamlaka ya watu weusi, yaani, kama kikundi cha kuchochea chuki dhidi ya watu wasio weusi na Kikundi kisichowapenda Wayahudi,[4][5][6] na NOI hutazamwa kama kikundi cha chuki na kituo cha Southern Poverty Law Center.[7]
 | |
| Ufupisho | NOI |
|---|---|
| Wito | "Haki au Vinginevyo!" |
| Mwanzilishi | Wallace Fard Muhammad |
| Limeanzishwa | Detroit, Michigan, U.S. |
| Aina | Harakati za kidini na kisiasa |
| Hali ya kisheria | Inafanyakazi |
| Makao Makuu | Mosque Maryam, Chicago, Illinois |
| Mahali | |
| Tanzu | American Society of Muslims Fruit of Islam |
| wavuti | noi.org |
Gazeti lake rasmi ni The Final Call. Nation of Islam halichapishi idadi halisi ya wanachama wake; mwaka wa 2007, wanachama wao walikadiriwa kufikia kati ya 20,000 na 50,000.[1]
Baada ya kutoweka kwa Fard mnamo Juni 1934, Nation of Islam liliongozwa na Elijah Muhammad, ambaye alianzisha mahali mbalimbali pa kuabudia ambapo alipaita (Mahekalu au Misikiti), shule iliyoitwa Muhammad University of Islam, mabiashara, mashamba, na mashamba makubwa na ujenzi wa majengo ambayo yalikuwa Marekani na nje ya Marekani.[8] Wakati wa uongozi wa Elijah Muhammad, kulikuwa na makundi kibwena, yaani, mivutano baina ya watu hawa na wale hadi kupelekea kuondoka kwa kiongozi mkubwa katika shirika Bwana Malcolm X na kuamua kuwa dhehebu la Sunni. Baada ya kifo cha Elijah Muhammad mnamo 1975, mtoto wake Warith Deen Mohammed kabadili jina la jumuia na kuliita "World Community of Islam in the West" (na mara mbili baada ya hapo), na baadaye alijaribu kulirudisha shirika katika muundo mkuu wa Kiislamu wa itikadi za Kisunni.
Mwaka wa 1977, Louis Farrakhan alikataa uongozi wa Warith Deen Mohammed na kuainzisha upya Nation of Islam katika misingi ya awali. Kachukua hekalu ya makao makuu ya Nation of Islam, Mosque Maryam (Mosque #2), ambalo lipo Chicago, Illinois. Tangu 2010, chini ya Farrakhan, wanachama wanaonekana kuzidi.[9]
Wanachama wanaojulikana wa sasa na wa awali
hariri
- Elijah Muhammad
- Tynetta Muhammad
- Louis Farrakhan
- Khalid Abdul Muhammad
- Khadijah Farrakhan
- Malcolm X – baadaye kabadili na kuwa Sunni Islam
- Muhammad Ali – kabadili na kuwa Sunni mnamo 1975, na Sufism mnamo 2005[10]
- Mustapha Farrakhan – Nahodha Mkuu wa Nation of Islam
- Mustapha Farrakhan, Jr. - mchezaji mpira wa kikapu wa kulipwa
- Wesley Muhammad – mwanahistoria na profesa
- Warith Deen Mohammed – baadaye kabadili na kuwa Sunni
- Clarence 13X – baadaye kaanzisha Nation of Gods and Earths
- Jay Electronica – msanii wa hip-hop na mtayarishaji wa rekodi
- MC Ren – baadaye kabadili na kuwa Sunni[11]
- Kam – mwanachama wa Nation of Islam na mshirika wa zamani wa Ice Cube
- John Allen Muhammad – Askari mstaafu wa vita ya Ghuba, na mwanachama wa zamani wa NOI, mkosefu wa mashambulizi ya Wadunguaji wa Beltway[12]
- Benjamin Chavis Muhammad
- Paris –
- Snoop Dogg[13] – baadaye kabadili kaenda imani ya Rastafari.
- Quanell X – mwanachama tangu miaka ya 1990 - 2001, sasa ni mwanachama wa New Black Panther Party
- David Muhammad – kiongozi wa kitaifa wa Trinidad na Tobago
- Humza Al-Hafeez – mwanzilishi wa Jumuia ya Kitaifa ya Polisi Wamarekani Weusi, mwandishi, mwanaharakati wa kijamii wa Kimarekani
- Shahrazad Ali – mwandishi
Tazama pia
haririMarejeo
hariri- ↑ 1.0 1.1 MacFarquhar, Neil. "Nation of Islam at a Crossroad as Leader Exits", The New York Times, February 26, 2007.
- ↑ Nation of Islam. "Nation of Islam in America: A Nation of Beauty & Peace". Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Aprili 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "A Brief History on the origin of the Nation of Islam in America". Nation of Islam. Machi 1, 2010. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 29, 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Nation of Islam Leader Reprises "Vintage" Anti-Semitism; ADL Says Farrakhan's Racism 'As Ugly As It Ever Was'". Anti-Defamation League. Machi 1, 2010. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-01-20. Iliwekwa mnamo Februari 1, 2012.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Perry, Marvin and Schweitzer, Frederick M. (2002). Antisemitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present. Palgrave Macmillan. uk. 213. ISBN 0-312-16561-7.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Stephen Roth Institute. "Minister Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam". Tel Aviv University. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2013-01-20. Iliwekwa mnamo Februari 1, 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|https://www.webcitation.org/6Dni6iKBN?url=ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Nation of Islam", Southern Poverty Law Center; accessed December 7, 2014.
- ↑ C. Eric Lincoln (1994). Black Muslims in America. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. ku. 88, 89 218. ISBN 0-8028-0703-8.
- ↑ Mohammed, Asahed (Februari 28, 2013). "Nation of Islam Auditors graduation held for third Saviours' Day in a row". Final Call. Iliwekwa mnamo Aprili 22, 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Muhammad Ali's New Spiritual Quest, beliefnet.com; February 2005.
- ↑ MC Ren: RenIncarnated Archived 27 Septemba 2012 at the Wayback Machine. HipHopDX
- ↑ "BBC News Profile: John Allen Muhammad", November 11, 2009. Retrieved on 2010-03-24.
- ↑ [1], Snoop Dogg does not specify a date when he joined.
Viungo vya Nje
hariri
- Official Website The Nation of Islam
- Messenger Elijah Muhammad Web Resources Center, Online books, audio, and video
- Nation of Islam affiliated Final Call Newspaper website
- Official Website of the United Kingdom Branch of the Nation of Islam
- Walker, Dennis Searching for African American Nationhood: Looking Into the Nation of Islam (Interview) Archived 6 Desemba 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- Federal Bureau of Prisons Technical Reference Manual on Inmate Beliefs and Practices Archived 26 Juni 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
- FBI file on the Nation of Islam
- Nation of Islam (NOI) not considered as Muslims by most modern-day Islamic Scholars Archived 18 Machi 2016 at the Wayback Machine.