Kigugumizi

Kigugumizi (kutoka kitenzi "kugugumia", kwa Kiingereza: "stuttering" au "stammering" ni shida ya baadhi ya watu katika kusema: wanakadiriwa kuwa 5-6% za watoto na 1% za watu wazima. Wanaume wanapatwa mara 4 kuliko wanawake. Kwa kawaida shida inaanza katika umri wa miaka 2-6. Mhusika anajua la kusema, lakini maneno yanamtoka tofauti, kwa mfano kuna:

• marudio ya fonimu, sehemu ya maneno au sentensi
• mkwamo kabla ya maneno fulanifulani
• urefushaji wa sauti (hhhhhhhhhham badala ya ham)
• kusimama
• kusema kitu tofauti na kilichokusudiwa
• kusita au kuhangaika ili kusema kitu
• misuli kukazwa usoni au shingoni

Sanamu ya Demosthenes (iko British Museum, London, Uingereza), mhubiri marufu wa Ugiriki wa kale aliyepambana na kigugumizi chake kwa kusema akiwa na mawe kinywani.

Matatizo hayo yanaweza yakamuathiri sana mtu hata kumzuia asipate marafiki au asikabili mazingira fulanifulani, bali azidi kujifungia.

Kati ya watu maarufu wenye shida hiyo kuna:

• Demosthenes
• Musa
• Isaac Newton
• Gareth Gates
• Notker Balbulus
• Scatman John
• Winston Churchill
• Mfalme George VI
• Bruce Willis
• Ozzy Osbourne
• Tiger Woods
• Mel Tillis

Marejeo

• Guitar, Barry (2005). Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment. San Diego: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-3920-9. .
• Kalinowski, JS; Saltuklaroglu, T (2006). Stuttering. San Diego: Plural Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59756-011-5. .
• Ward, David (2006). Stuttering and Cluttering: Frameworks for understanding treatment. Hove and New York City: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-334-7. .

Marejeo mengine

• Alm, Per A (2004). "Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: a critical review of possible relations" (PDF). Journal of communication disorders 37 (4): 325–69. PMID 15159193. doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2004.03.001. 
• Alm, Per A. (2005). On the Causal Mechanisms of Stuttering Archived 18 Oktoba 2007 at the Wayback Machine.. Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Clinical Neuroscience, Lund University, Sweden.
• Compton DG (1993). Stammering : its nature, history, causes and cures. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-56274-9. 
• Conture, Edward G (1990). Stuttering. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-853631-7. 
• Fraser, Jane (2005). If Your Child Stutters: A Guide for Parents. Stuttering Foundation of America. ISBN 0-933388-44-6. 
• Mondlin, M., How My Stuttering Ended [Case Study, Judith M. Kuster, Minnesota State University, Mankato] http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster/casestudy/path/mondlin.html
• Logan, Kenneth J. (2015). Fluency Disorders. Plural Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59756-407-6. 
• {{cite book==Further reading==
• Alm, Per A (2004). "Stuttering and the basal ganglia circuits: a critical review of possible relations" (PDF). Journal of communication disorders 37 (4): 325–69. PMID 15159193. doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2004.03.001. 
• Alm, Per A. (2005). On the Causal Mechanisms of Stuttering. Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Clinical Neuroscience, Lund University, Sweden.
• Compton DG (1993). Stammering : its nature, history, causes and cures. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-56274-9. 
• Conture, Edward G (1990). Stuttering. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-853631-7. 
• Fraser, Jane (2005). If Your Child Stutters: A Guide for Parents. Stuttering Foundation of America. ISBN 0-933388-44-6. 
• Mondlin, M., How My Stuttering Ended [Case Study, Judith M. Kuster, Minnesota State University, Mankato] http://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/kuster/casestudy/path/mondlin.html
• Logan, Kenneth J. (2015). Fluency Disorders. Plural Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59756-407-6. 
• Raz, Mirla G. (2014). Preschool Stuttering: What Parents Can Do. GerstenWeitz Publishers. ISBN 9780963542625. 
• Rockey, D., Speech Disorder in Nineteenth Century Britain: The History of Stuttering, Croom Helm, (London), 1980. ISBN 0-85664-809-4
• Goldmark, Daniel. "Stuttering in American Popular Song, 1890–1930." In Lerner, Neil (2006). Sounding Off: Theorizing Disability in Music. New York, London: Routledge. ku. 91–105. ISBN 0-415-97906-4. 
• Howell, Peter (2011). Recovery from Stuttering. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 1136941053. 

|author=Raz, Mirla G. | title=Preschool Stuttering: What Parents Can Do | publisher=GerstenWeitz Publishers| year=2014 | isbn=9780963542625}}

• Rockey, D., Speech Disorder in Nineteenth Century Britain: The History of Stuttering, Croom Helm, (London), 1980. ISBN 0-85664-809-4
• Goldmark, Daniel. "Stuttering in American Popular Song, 1890–1930." In Lerner, Neil (2006). Sounding Off: Theorizing Disability in Music. New York, London: Routledge. ku. 91–105. ISBN 0-415-97906-4. 
• Howell, Peter (2011). Recovery from Stuttering. New York: Psychology Press. ISBN 1136941053. 

Viungo vya nje

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:

Kigugumizi

• Kigugumizi katika Open Directory Project
• Kigugumizi katika Open Directory Project
• http://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/stuttering/
• http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/pages/stutter.aspx
• Talking Point Check the progress of your child's language development

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya sayansi bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Kigugumizi kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.