Wikipedia

Pai

(Elekezwa kutoka Namba ya duara)

Pai (jina la herufi ya Kigiriki π) ni namba ya duara kwa maana ya uwiano wa urefu wa mzingo na ule wa kipenyo.

Duara yenye kipenyo cha 1 ina mzingo mwenye urefu wa π
A diagram of a circle, with the width labeled as diameter, and the perimeter labeled as circumference
Uwiano wa urefu wa mzingo na ule wa kipenyo ni 3 na kitu. Uwiano kamili unaitwa π, pai.

Jinsi ilivyo kawaida kwa herufi mbalimbali za Kigiriki, pai pia inatumika kama kifupisho kwa ajili ya maarifa na dhana za hesabu na fisikia.

Imejulikana hasa kama namba ya duara. Ikiandikwa inanaza 3.141592653589793238462643... lakini haiwezi kuandikwa kamili kwa kuongeza tarakimu baada ya nukta maana hakuna mwisho. Namba za aina hii zisizo sehemu ya namba nyingine au ambazo haziwezi kuonyeshwa kuwa wianisho safi baina namba kamili huitwa namba zisizowiana.

Chamkano cha 22/7 ni karibu zaidi na pai na 355/113 ni karibu zaidi tena.

Wanahisabati duniani husheherekea sikukuu ya pai tarehe 14 Machi au pia 22 Julai.

Marejeo hariri

  • Arndt, Jörg; Haenel, Christoph (2006). Pi Unleashed. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-66572-4. Iliwekwa mnamo 2013-06-05.  English translation by Catriona and David Lischka.
  • Ayers, Frank (1964). Calculus. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-070-02653-7. 
  • Berggren, Lennart; Borwein, Jonathan; Borwein, Peter (1997). Pi: a Source Book. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-20571-7. 
  • Beckmann, Peter (1989) [1974]. History of Pi. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-418-8. 
  • Borwein, Jonathan; Borwein, Peter (1987). Pi and the AGM: a Study in Analytic Number Theory and Computational Complexity. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-31515-5. 
  • Boyer, Carl B.; Merzbach, Uta C. (1991). A History of Mathematics (toleo la 2). Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8. 
  • Bronshteĭn, Ilia; Semendiaev, K. A. (1971). A Guide Book to Mathematics. H. Deutsch. ISBN 978-3-871-44095-3. 
  • Eymard, Pierre; Lafon, Jean Pierre (1999). The Number Pi. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 978-0-8218-3246-2. , English translation by Stephen Wilson.
  • Joseph, George Gheverghese (1991). The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13526-7. Iliwekwa mnamo 2013-06-05. 
  • Posamentier, Alfred S.; Lehmann, Ingmar (2004). Pi: A Biography of the World's Most Mysterious Number. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-200-8. 
  • Reitwiesner, George (1950). "An ENIAC Determination of pi and e to 2000 Decimal Places". Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation 4 (29): 11–15. doi:10.2307/2002695. 
  • Roy, Ranjan (1990). "The Discovery of the Series Formula for pi by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha". Mathematics Magazine 63 (5): 291–306. doi:10.2307/2690896. 
  • Schepler, H. C. (1950). "The Chronology of Pi". Mathematics Magazine (Mathematical Association of America) 23 (3): 165–170 (Jan/Feb), 216–228 (Mar/Apr), and 279–283 (May/Jun). doi:10.2307/3029284. . issue 3 Jan/Feb, issue 4 Mar/Apr, issue 5 May/Jun
  • Blatner, David (1999). The Joy of Pi. Walker & Company. ISBN 978-0-8027-7562-7. 
  • Borwein, Jonathan and Borwein, Peter, "The Arithmetic-Geometric Mean and Fast Computation of Elementary Functions", SIAM Review, 26(1984) 351–365
  • Borwein, Jonathan, Borwein, Peter, and Bailey, David H., Ramanujan, Modular Equations, and Approximations to Pi or How to Compute One Billion Digits of Pi", The American Mathematical Monthly, 96(1989) 201–219
  • Chudnovsky, David V. and Chudnovsky, Gregory V., "Approximations and Complex Multiplication According to Ramanujan", in Ramanujan Revisited (G.E. Andrews et al. Eds), Academic Press, 1988, pp 375–396, 468–472
  • Cox, David A., "The Arithmetic-Geometric Mean of Gauss", L' Ensignement Mathematique, 30(1984) 275–330
  • Delahaye, Jean-Paul, "Le Fascinant Nombre Pi", Paris: Bibliothèque Pour la Science (1997) ISBN 2-902918-25-9
  • Engels, Hermann, "Quadrature of the Circle in Ancient Egypt", Historia Mathematica 4(1977) 137–140
  • Euler, Leonhard, "On the Use of the Discovered Fractions to Sum Infinite Series", in Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite. Book I, translated from the Latin by J. D. Blanton, Springer-Verlag, 1964, pp 137–153
  • Heath, T. L., The Works of Archimedes, Cambridge, 1897; reprinted in The Works of Archimedes with The Method of Archimedes, Dover, 1953, pp 91–98
  • Huygens, Christiaan, "De Circuli Magnitudine Inventa", Christiani Hugenii Opera Varia I, Leiden 1724, pp 384–388
  • Lay-Yong, Lam and Tian-Se, Ang, "Circle Measurements in Ancient China", Historia Mathematica 13(1986) 325–340
  • Lindemann, Ferdinand, "Ueber die Zahl pi" Archived 22 Januari 2015 at the Wayback Machine., Mathematische Annalen 20(1882) 213–225
  • Matar, K. Mukunda, and Rajagonal, C., "On the Hindu Quadrature of the Circle" (Appendix by K. Balagangadharan). Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 20(1944) 77–82
  • Niven, Ivan, "A Simple Proof that pi Is Irrational", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 53:7 (July 1947), 507
  • Ramanujan, Srinivasa, "Modular Equations and Approximations to π", Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, XLV, 1914, 350–372. Reprinted in G.H. Hardy, P.V. Seshu Aiyar, and B. M. Wilson (eds), Srinivasa Ramanujan: Collected Papers, 1927 (reprinted 2000), pp 23–29
  • Shanks, William, Contributions to Mathematics Kigezo:Sic Chiefly of the Rectification of the Circle to 607 Places of Decimals, 1853, pp. i–xvi, 10
  • Shanks, Daniel and Wrench, John William, "Calculation of pi to 100,000 Decimals", Mathematics of Computation 16(1962) 76–99
  • Tropfke, Johannes, Geschichte Der Elementar-Mathematik in Systematischer Darstellung (The history of elementary mathematics), BiblioBazaar, 2009 (reprint), ISBN 978-1-113-08573-3
  • Viete, Francois, Variorum de Rebus Mathematicis Reponsorum Liber VII. F. Viete, Opera Mathematica (reprint), Georg Olms Verlag, 1970, pp 398–401, 436–446
  • Wagon, Stan, "Is Pi Normal?", The Mathematical Intelligencer, 7:3(1985) 65–67
  • Wallis, John, Arithmetica Infinitorum, sive Nova Methodus Inquirendi in Curvilineorum Quadratum, aliaque difficiliora Matheseos Problemata, Oxford 1655–6. Reprinted in vol. 1 (pp 357–478) of Opera Mathematica, Oxford 1693
  • Zebrowski, Ernest, A History of the Circle: Mathematical Reasoning and the Physical Universe, Rutgers Univ Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-8135-2898-4

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