Karolo Nyundo
Karolo Nyundo (kwa Kifaransa: Charles Martel; 688 hivi[2] – 22 Oktoba 741) alikuwa waziri mkuu na jemadari[3] wa ufalme wa Wafaranki na alitawala tangu mwaka 718 hadi kifo chake.[4][5][6]
Mtoto wa Pepin wa Herstal na Alpaida[7], akawa baba wa Pepin Mfupi na babu wa Karolo Mkuu walioendeleza juhudi zake hadi kuunda upya Dola la Roma Magharibi[8].
Ni maarufu hasa kwa ushindi wake katika mapigano ya Tours na Poitiers tarehe 10 Oktoba 732 dhidi ya Waarabu waliovamia Ufaransa.
Tanbihi
hariri- ↑ This sculpture was located in the Palace of Versailles. By Debaye, pere, sculpted marble, 1839, first displayed at the Salon in 1839. Height 2.09 m. Soulié (1855), op. cit.
- ↑ Paul Fouracre, The Age of Charles Martel, (Routledge, 2000), ix.
- ↑ Late Merovingian France : history and hagiography, 640-720. Fouracre, Paul., Gerberding, Richard A. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1996. uk. 93. ISBN 0719047900. OCLC 32699266.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ↑ Schulman, Jana K. (2002). The Rise of the Medieval World, 500–1300: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. uk. 101. ISBN 0-313-30817-9.
- ↑ Cawthorne, Nigel (2004). Military Commanders: The 100 Greatest Throughout History. Enchanted Lion Books. ku. 52–53. ISBN 1-59270-029-2.
- ↑ Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A. (1995). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ku. 205–206. ISBN 0-8240-4444-4.
- ↑ Commire, Anne, mhr. (2002). "Alphaida (c. 654–c. 714)". Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Waterford, Connecticut: Yorkin Publications. ISBN 0-7876-4074-3. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2015-09-24. Iliwekwa mnamo 2019-10-05.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|=ignored (help) - ↑ Fouracre, Paul (2000) The Age of Charles Martel, London, GBR: Longman, see ISBN 0-582-06475-9, see [1], accessed 2 August 2015.
Viungo vya nje
hariri
Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:
- Ian Meadows, "The Arabs in Occitania": A sketch giving the context of the conflict from the Arab point of view.
- http://www.standin.se/fifteen07a.htm Poke's edition of Creasy's "15 Most Important Battles Ever Fought According to Edward Shepherd Creasy" Chapter VII. The Battle of Tours, A.D. 732.
- Richard Hooker, "Civil War and the Umayyads"
- "Leaders and Battles Database"
- 'The Battle of Tours', BBC Radio 4 In Our Time (2014)
- Robert W. Martin, "The Battle of Tours is still felt today", from About.com
- Medieval Sourcebook: Arabs, Franks, and the Battle of Tours, 732 Ilihifadhiwa 11 Oktoba 2014 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Arabs, Franks, and the Battle of Tours, 732: Three Accounts Ilihifadhiwa 11 Oktoba 2014 kwenye Wayback Machine. from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
- Medieval Sourcebook: Gregory II to Charles Martel, 739 Ilihifadhiwa 29 Aprili 2008 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Medieval Lands Project
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