Wikipedia

Vita vya Israeli na Hezbollah/Lebanon

vita kati ya Israeli, Lebanon, Syria, na vikosi vingine huko Lebanon tangu 1948

Vita kati ya Israeli na kundi la kijeshi la Hezbollah la Lebanoni, vimekuwa vikitokea tangu tarehe 8 Oktoba 2023 kwenye mpaka wa nchi hizo na eneo la Milima ya Golan linalokaliwa kimabavu na Israeli, na kuiathiri hata Syria. Ni sehemu ya athari za vita kati ya Israeli na Hamas na chokochoko zilizoukuza mgogoro na kuwa mkubwa zaidi baina yao tangia kutokea kwa vita vya Lebanoni vya mwaka 2006.

UNIFIL_Blue_Barrels (Mpaka wa Bluu)

Mnamo tarehe 8 Oktoba 2023, Hezbollah ilianza kurusha maguruneti yaliyoboreshewa ulengaji shabaha pamoja na mashambulizi ya risasi dhidi ya walowezi wa Kiisraeli kwenye maeneo ya mashambani ya Shebaa wanayoyakalia kimabavu, mashambulizi waliyoyaelezea kuwa ni ya kuonesha mshikamano wao na Wapalestina kufuatia shambulio la Hamas dhidi ya Israel la mwaka huo na ukawa mwanzo wa kampeni ya mashambulizi ya mabomu ya Israel dhidi ya Ukanda wa Gaza.[1][2][3] Israeli ilijibu kwa mashambulizi ya droni na risasi dhidi ya maeneo walimokuwamo Hezbollah karibu na mpaka wa Lebanon na maeneo wanayoyakalia kimabavu ya Milima ya Golan.

Kaskazini mwa Israel, mgogoro unaoendelea umewalazimisha wakazi takriban 96,000 kuyahama makazi yao,[4] ambapo huko Lebanon, watu milioni 1.2 wameyakimbia makazi yao,[5] huku Hezbollah wakisema hawatoacha kuwashambulia Waisraeli hadi nao waache kuushambulia Ukanda wa Gaza kupitia uvamizi wake wa kijeshi.[6] Katika mzozo huo, Israeli imefanya mashambulizi mengi zaidi kuliko yale yaliyofanywa na Hezbollah.[7] Kati ya tarehe 21 Oktoba 2023 na 20 Februari 2024, Vikosi vya Muda vya Umoja wa Mataifa vya Uangalizi wa amani vilivyopo Lebanon UNIFIL viliweka rekodi ya matukio ya ufyatuaji risasi takriban 7,948 kutokea upande wa kusini wa Mpaka wa Buluu (Israel ikiifyatulia Lebanon) na matukio 978 ya ufyatuaji risasi yaliyotokea upande wa kaskazini (Lebanon dhidi ya Israel).[8]

Mwezi September 2024, ulishuhudia ongezeko kubwa la mgogoro, ukianzia na ulipuaji wa vifaa vya mawasiliano ulifanywa na Israel ndani ya Lebanon na Syria, ambapo walengwa walikuwa Hezbollah. Watu 42 walipoteza maisha na maelfu walijeruhiwa. Jambo hilo lilifuatiwa na kampeni ya mashambulizi ya angani ya Israel dhidi ya Lebanon yote, Septemba 2024, yaliyosababisha kuuwawa kwa makamanda wakuu wa Hezbollah. Israel ilisema ingeedelea na mashambulizi hayo hadi hali ya usalama ya eneo lake la kaskazini itengemae na wananchi wake kurejea kwenye makazi yao. Shambulio baya kupindukia na lililosababisha maafa mengi Lebanon lilifanywa na Israel mnamo tarehe 23 Septemba ambapo watu wasiopungua 558 walikufa na kujeruhi zaidi ya watu 1,800 wakiwamo watoto, wanawake na watoa huduma za dharura.[9] Mnamo tarehe 27 Septemba, Jeshi la Anga la Israeli lilishambulia kwa mabomu na kuyaharibu vibaya Makao Makuu ya Kamandi za Hezbollah yaliyokuwepo Beirut, wakimuua kiongozi wa Hezbollah Hassan Nasrallah.[10] Mnamo tarehe 1 Oktoba, jeshi la Israeli lilianzisha operesheni ya kuivamia Lebanon ya kusini,[11][12][13][14] na ikatangaza kuwa ilikuwa inatekeleza mashambulizi madogo ya kimkakati ndani ya Lebanon ambayo yangechukua miezi kadha.[15]

Ilivyokuwa hapo kabla

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Kumekuwa na mizozo mingi kati ya Hezbollah na Israel, ukiwemo ule wa Kusini mwa Lebanon (1985–2000), Mzozo wa Mashamba ya Shebaa 2000–2006, na Vita vya Lebanon, 2006.

Kuasisiwa kwa Hezbollah

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Hezbollah ni chama cha kisiasa chenye msimamo wa kidini [Waislamu wa Kishia wa Kishiite] na ni kundi la kijeshi la ukombozi, lililoanzishwa mwaka 1982 kupigana vita dhidi ya uvamizi wa Israeli kwenye mwaka huo.[16] Kundi hilo lilianzishwa na Viongozi wa Kidini wa Kiislamu, kwa ufadhili wa Iran. Katika miaka ya 90, Hezbollah walipigana dhidi ya Israeli kupinga kukaliwa kimabavu kwa Lebanon upande wa kusini.[17] Dhamira juu ya kuiangamiza Israeli ikawa ndio lengo la msingi la Hezbollah tangia ilipozaliwa.[18][19][20] Hezbollah inaipinga serikali ya taifa la Israeli na sera zake.[21][22]

Makundi ya Kipalestina ndani ya Lebanon

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Tangia kufukuzwa Kwa Wapalestina na kukimbilia kusini mwa Lebanon mnamo 1948, kumepata kuwa na makundi yenye kupishana kimsimamo miongoni mwa maelfu hayo ya wakimbizi ndani ya Lebanon. Na ni hiyo Lebanon kusini ambayo mara kwa mara imekuwa ikitumika kama kiini cha mashambulizi kutokea Lebanon na Milima ya Golan kuelekea Israeli ya kaskazini, yakitumika maguruneti kushambulia. Chama cha Ukombozi wa Palestina, PLO, kilikuwa na makao yake Lebanon baada ya kufukuzwa kutoka Jordan na Mfalme Hussein wa Jordan mnamo Julai 1971.[23] Sababu ilikuwa ni kuhusika kwao kwenye maasi kusini mwa Lebanon, na kisha kutimuliwa kwenda kuishi Tunis baada ya Vita vya Lebanon vya 1982.[24]

Azimio la Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa na. 1701

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Makubaliano ya kumaliza vita yalifikiwa kati ya Israeli na Hezbollah kuhusu Vita vya Lebanon 2006, chini ya masharti ya Azimio la Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa na. 1701 ambayo yalitaka uwepo wa ukanda usio na silaha ambao ni eneo la kusini la mpaka wa Lebanon na mto Litani. Azimio la Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa lilitoa mamlaka ya kuwa na silaha kwenye eneo hilo kwa jeshi la Lebanon na kwa Jeshi la Mpito la Uangalizi wa Amani la Umoja wa Mataifa tu. Pia lilitoa tamko kuwa upande wa Lebanon na ule wa Milima ya Golan, hakuna ulioruhusiwa kuvuka mpaka/mstari wa bluu uliowatenganisha.[25][26] Licha ya masharti hayo, Israeli na Hezbollah walikabiliwa na majukumu chini ya Azimio hilo la UNSCR namba 1701.[27][28][29]

Kuanzia 2006, Hezbollah ilijizatiti huko Lebanon ya kusini,[30] ikalizuia jeshi la UNIFIL kupita, ikajenga njia za chini kwa chini kuingia Israeli, na kudiriki kuuvuka mstari wa bluu.[31][32] Pia, Israeli iliishutumu Hezbollah kwa kulitumia shirika linaloshughulika na mazingira la eneo hilo kama jasusi wake wa kijeshi kwenye Mpaka wa bluu.[33][34] Baada ya kurudi nyuma kutoka Mpaka wa Bluu mnamo mwaka 2000,[35][36] Israeli ikaikalia upya Ghajar yote mnamo 2006, ikiwa ni pamoja na sehemu ya eneo hilo ambayo ni ya Walebanoni.[37][38] Israel inaendelea kuikalia Ghajar pamoja na eneo la jirani,[29][35] na imekuwa ikikiuka mara kwa mara sheria inayokataza kuingia kwenye anga au bahari upande wa Lebanon, kadhalika kuvuka mpaka. [39][40][41] UNIFIL imeripoti kuwa Israeli imefanya matukio ya kuingia kwenye anga la Lebanon kwa zaidi ya mara 22,000 kati ya 2007 na 2021.[42][43]

Mashambulizi ya kushtukizana ya Aprili - Julai 2023

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Mnamo April 6 2023, katika kujibu makabiliano ya Al-Aqsa 2023, makumi ya maguruneti yalirushwa kutoka Lebanon kuelekea Israel, na kujeruhi watato watatu wa Kiisraeli .[44] Jeshi la Ulinzi la Israeli lilisema kuwa liliyadungua maguruneti 25 yaliyorushwa kutoka Lebanon,[44] na kuongeza kuwa yalirushwa na makundi ya Kipalestina Hamas na Vuguvugu la Kijihadi la Kiislamu la Palestina [PIJ] kwa idhini ya Hezbollah.[45]

Mashambulio hayo yaliukuza sana mzozo baina ya mataifa hayo, mkubwa kuliko mwingine wowote tangia kuisha kwa vita vya Lebanon vya 2006.[45] UNIFIL iliielezea hali hiyo kawa ni "ya kupewa uzito mkubwa" na kuzitaka pande husika kujizuia.[45]

Mnamo Julai 15, jeshi la IDF lilipiga risasi za onyo na kutumia mbinu za kutuliza ghasia dhidi ya watu 18, Ikiwa ni pamoja na waandishi wa habari na Wabunge ambao walivuka mpaka kutokea Lebanon na kutembea mita 80 ndani ya eneo linalokaliwa na Israeli.[46]

Vita vya Israel dhidi ya Hamas

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Mashambulizi Gaza

Mnamo tarehe 8 Oktoba 2023, siku moja baada ya Hamas kuanzisha mashambulizi dhidi ya Israeli (Oktoba 7, 2024) na Israeli kujibu kwa kuishambulia Gaza kwa mabomu, Hezbollah wakajiunga kwenye vita hivyo kwa msingi wa "mshikamano na Wapalestina",[47][48] wakianza kwa kuvirushia risasi vikosi vya ulinzi wa mpaka vya Israel kwenye maeneo ya Mashamba ya Shebaa na Milima ya Goran — maeneo ambayo yanakaliwa kimabavu na Israeli.[47] Tangia hapo, Hezbollah na Israeli wamekuwa katika mapambano yaliyosababisha kusambaratika kwa jamii za karibu na mpaka, huku kukiwa na uharibifu mkubwa wa majengo na mazingira kwa ujumla. Kuanzia tarehe 7 Oktoba 2023 hadi 20 Septemba 2024, kumetokea matukio 10,200 ya mashambulizi ya kuvuka mpaka, ambapo Israeli ilianzisha 8,300.[49] Zaidi ya watu 96,000 katika Israel[50] na zaidi ya 111,000 katika Lebanon wameyakimbia makazi yao katika kipindi hicho.[51] Israel na Hezbollah wamekuwa wakishambuliana katika kiwango ambacho kisingezusha vita vya ngazi ya kitaifa.[52]

Hezbollah imesema kwamba haitoacha kuishambulia Israeli hadi pale nchi hiyo itakapokomesha operesheni yake ya kuishambulia Gaza,[53] ambapo hadi sasa zaidi ya Wapalestina 42,300 wameuawa.[54][55] Israeli ikaitaka Hezbollah itekeleze Azimio la Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa na. 1701 na iondoe vikosi vyake kaskazini mwa mto Litani.[56][57] Juhudi za kidiplomasia zikiongozwa na mwanadiplomasia wa Marekani Amos Hochstein na Ufaransa, mpaka sasa hazijafua dafu kwenye kujaribu kupata suluhu ya mzozo huo.[58][59]

Mnamo Novemba 2023, Waziri wa Ulinzi wa Israeli Yoav Gallant alionya kwamba Beirut yaweza kujikuta kwenye hatima kama ya Gaza.[60] Alitoa onyo lingine kama hilo mnamo Januari 2024.[61] Mnamo Juni 2024, Gallant alifanya ziara Marekani, akitafuta uungwaji mkono juu ya azma ya kutanua malengo ya kivita dhidi ya Hezbollah na uwezekano wa kufanya uvamizi kwenye ardhi ya Lebanon.[62]

Mlolongo wa Matukio

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Oktoba 2023

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Mwitikio dhidi ya shambulizi kwenye Mashamba ya Shebaa

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Taswira mjongeo ya IDFikionyesha shambulizi katika miundombinu ya Hezbollah ikatika Mashamba ya Shebaa.

Asubuhi ya Oktoba 8, Hezbollah ilifanya shambulizi la maguruneti na risasi kwenye ukanda wa Mashamba ya Shebaa katika kuwaunga mkono Hamas' walipoishambulia Israeli; katika kujibu, Jeshi la Ulinzi la Israeli - IDF iliishambulia Lebanon ya kusini kwa risasi na droni.[63][64][65] Watoto wawili wa Kilebanoni waliripotiwa kuumizwa na vioo vilivyovunjika.[66]

Siku iliyofuatia, Israeli ilifanya mashambulizi kadha ya anga dhidi ya Lebanon karibu na mji wa Marwahin, Ayta ash Shab[67] and Dhayra in the Bint Jbeil district.[68] Hii ilikuwa ni baada ya wanamgambo wengi wa Kipalestina kuuvamia mpaka wa Israeli,[69] tukio ambalo Hezbollah ilikanusha kuhusika. Kundi la kijeshi la Wajahidina wa Kiislamu wa Palestina walitangaza kuhusika na tukio hilo. IDF ikawaua wahusika wawili ambao bila shaka walikuwa Wapalestina,[68] na mtu wa tatu alifanikiwa kutorokea Lebanon.[70] Chanzo kimoja cha habari chenye uhusiano na Hezbollah kilitangaza kuwa wanachama watatu wa Hezbollah wameuawa na jeshi la Israeli.[71] Kwa kulipiza kisasi, Hezbollah waliwafyatulia risasi na maguruneti.[72] Katika makabiliano hayo askari wawili wa Israeli na Lt. Col Alim Abdallah, Kamanda Msaidizi wa Brigedi ya 300 ya IDF, waliuawa na wengine watatu walijeruhiwa.

Tarehe 11 Oktoba, Hezbollah ilirusha makombora ya kupambana na vifaru dhidi ya IDF na kutangaza kuwa wamesababisha majeruhi kadhaa.[73] [74] Katika kujibu, IDF ikalilipua eneo mlimotokea shambulio hilo.[75] Hospitali ya Walebanoni wa Kitaliano iliyopo Tyre, Lebanoni, iliwapokea raia watatu waliojeruhiwa.[76] IDF iliwaamuru wakazi wa kaskazini mwa Israeli kwenda kwenye maeneo salama kufuatia taarifa za uwezekano wa mashambulizi ya droni kutokea kusini mwa Lebanoni.[77] Kombora la Patriot lilifyatuliwa ili kulidungua gimba lililotiliwa shaka kuwa ni silaha lakini baadae IDF ilithibitisha kuwa kitu hicho hakikuwa droni.[78] Ving'ora vilirindima katika Israeli kaskazini yote kufuatia ripoti kuwa kuna uvamizi wa wanajeshi wa miamvuli wasiopungua 20 ndani ya Israeli lakini baadae IDF ilizitupilia mbali taarifa hizo kuwa si za kweli.[79]

Kamanda Mkuu Msaidizi wa Hezbollah Sheikh Naim Qassem alisema, "wakati muafaka wa kufanya jambo ukifika tutalitekeleza", akimaanisha kwamba Hezbollah ilikuwa tayari na ingehusika kikamilifu kwenye makabiliano dhidi ya Israeli kwa mujibu wa mpango wake yenyewe.[80] IDF ikashambulia kwa risasi eneo la Lebanoni ya kusini kufuatia shambulio lililosababisha madhara kiasi kwenye sehemu ya ukuta wa mpaka karibu na kibbutz ya Hanita.[81]

IDF ilitoa video kuonesha shambulio lililofanywa na ndege isiyo na rubani (droni) ambalo , kwa mujibu wa maelezo yao, liliua wavamizi watatu kutoka Lebanon karibu na Margaliot ambao walikuwa wanachama wa who Hamas.[82] Hezbollah ilikiri kumtambua mmoja wao kuwa ni mwanachama wake. Nyakati za mchana, Hezbollah ilifyatua makombora 50 ya mauaji na mengine 6 ya kushambulia vifaru dhidi ya vituo vitano vya ulinzi wa mpaka vya Israeli ndani ya Mashamba ya Sheeba.[83] Kadhalika, mashambulizi ya IDF yaliua raia wawili wa kijiji cha Shebaa; ushahidi wa video na picha tuli ulionesha matumizi ya mabomu ya fosforasi.[84]

Mnamo tarehe 15 Oktoba, Hezbollah ilifyatua makombora matano ya kushambulia vifaru kuelekea Israeli ya kaskazini na kuua raia mmoja na kujeruhi wengine watatu huko Shtula.[85][86] UNIFIL iliarifu kuwa makao yake makuu yaliyopo Naqoura kusini mwa Lebanoni yalishambuliwa na maguruneti lakini hakukuwa na aliyeumizwa.[87] Luteni Amitai Granot, kamanda wa kikosi cha 75 cha Brigedi ya IDF ya Golani na mtoto wa Rabbi Tamir Granot, aliuwawa kwenye shambulio la kombora katika kituo cha IDF kinachopakana na Lebanoni.

Kuuawa kwa Issam Abdallah

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Kifaru cha IDF

Mnamo tarehe 13 Oktoba, wakati kikundi cha waandishi wa habari wa Reuters, Shirika la Habari la Ufaransa AFP na Mtandao wa Habari wa Al Jazeera wakirusha matangazo mbashara ya video kuonesha kituo cha IDF huko Aalma ech Chaab, walilengwa na kupigwa na mizinga miwili ya vifaru. Mzinga wa kwanza ulimuua mpiga picha wa Reuters Issam Abdallah. Wa pili ulifanya shambulio baya zaidi lililounguza gari la Al Jazeera, Toyota nyeupe, ambalo waandishi wa Al Jazeera, Carmen Joukhadar na Elie Brakhya, pamoja na mwenzao wa AFP Dylan Collins, walikuwa wamesimama pembeni yake.[88] Mpiga picha wa Reuters, Christina Assi, pia alijeruhiwa vibaya.[89][90] Jeshi la Lebanoni limesema IDF ndiyo iliyorusha kombora lililomuua Abdallah. Mwandishi mwingine wa Reuters aliyekuwepo kwenye eneo la tukio alisema kuwa Abdallah aliuawa na kombora lililorushwa kutokea upande wa Israeli.[91] Chapisho lake la mwisho kwenye akaunti yake ya Instagram, aliloweka wiki moja kabla hajauwawa lilikuwa ni la picha ya Shireen Abu Akleh, mwandishi wa Kipalestina wa Al Jazeera ya Kiarabu ambaye aliuwawa na Israeli mwaka 2022.[92][93]

Ripoti ya UNIFL ya Februari 2024 ilihitimisha kuwa kifaru cha Israeli kilimuua Abdallah pale kilipowafyatulia mzinga "waandishi wa habari waliokuwa wakionekana wazi wazi katika utambulisho wao", na kwamba huo ni uvunjifu wa sheria ya kimataifa. Tathmini ya ripoti hiyo imeonesha kuwa "hakukuwa na makabiliano yoyote ya risasi kwenye Mpaka wa Bluu wakati wa tukio hilo", ndani ya dakika 40 kabla ya tukio.[94] IDF iliijibu ripoti hiyo kwa kudai kuwa Hezbollah iliwashambulia, jambo lililowafanya wawajibu kwa kutumia mizinga ya vifaru .[94]

Makabiliano zaidi mnamo Oktoba

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Mnamo tarehe 16 Oktoba, Amnesty International iliripoti kuwa IDF ilifanya mashambulizi ya mabomu ya fosforasi huko Dhayra, na kusababisha raia 9 kulazwa hospitali pamoja na kuchoma moto mali za kiraia.[95] Aya Majzoub, Naibu Mkurugenzi wa Kanda ya Mashariki ya Kati na Afrrika ya Kaskazini ya Shirika la Haki za Binadamu (Amnesty International), alilielezea shambulio hilo kuwa ni la ukiukaji wa sheria ya kimataifa ambalo linahitaji kufanyiwa uchunguzi juu ya uhalifu wa kivita, na kwamba "kwa kiwango kikubwa limehatarisha maisha ya raia, ambao wengi wao walikuwa wamelazwa hospitalini na kupotezana na familia zao, na ambao nyumba na magari yao vilichomwa moto.[96]

Vyombo vya habari vya taifa la Lebanoni viliripoti kuwa Dhayra na maeneo mengine yanayopatikana kwenye sehemu ya mpaka zilijikuta kwenye kushambuliwa mfululizo na mabomu usiku kucha.[97] Ilipokuwa mapema asubuhi, iliripotiwa kuwa watu wengi kiasi walionekana na dalili za kushindwa kupumua baada ya kile kilichoshukiwa kuwa IDF ilikipiga kijiji hicho kwa mabomu yenye fosforasi nyeupe.[98] Watu watatu walijeruhiwa baada ya kombora la kushambulia vifaru kutokea Lebanon kutua kwenye mji wa Israeli wa Metula.[99] Hezbollah wakatangaza kuwa wanachama wake watano waliuawa siku hiyo hiyo lakini haikuweza kufahamika mara moja kama walihusika katika suala la uvamizi mpakani.[100]

Mnamo Oktoba 19, Jeshi la Ulinzi la Lebanon lilisema kwamba mtu mmoja aliuawa na mwingine kujeruhiwa, baada ya kundi la waandishi saba wa Iran kushambuliwa kwa makusudi kwa bunduki aina ya machine guns na Waisraeli, ingawa vyombo vya habari vya taifa la Iran vilikanusha madai hayo na kusema kuwa waandishi wao wote " wako hai na bukheri wa afya ".[101][102] Walinda amani wa UNIFIL wakisema kuwa mtu mmoja aliuawa baada ya raia kujikuta katikati ya mapambano kwenye eneo la mpaka ambako Jeshi la Lebanoni liliomba msaada wa UNIFIL kupooza hali ya mambo. Israeli ikaombwa isimamishe mapigano "ili kuwezesha operesheni za uokoaji".[103][102]

Israeli ilianza shughuli ya uokoaji wa walowezi waishio karibu na mpaka wake na Lebanoni mnamo Oktoba 2023, ambapo iliwaokoa zaidi ya watu elfu 60 hadi kufikia Aprili 2024.[104][105]

Mapema, kwenye mchana wa tarehe 21 Oktoba, maguruneti kadha yalirushwa kutokea Lebanoni kuelekea kwenye Mashamba ya Sheeba; hayakujeruhi yeyote. IDF ikafanya shambulio la droni dhidi ya timu ya wanamgambo waliofyatua maguruneti hayo.[106] Baada ya muda mfupi, makombora ya kushambulia vifaru yaliyoboreshewa ulengaji shabaha yalirushwa kutokea Lebanoni kuelekea Margaliot na Hanital; wafanyakazi wawili wa kigeni walijeruhiwa. IDF ikafanya mashambulizi ya anga dhidi ya timu iliyorusha makombora.[107] Jioni yake, kombora lingine la kushambulia vifaru lililoboreshewa ulengaji shabaha lilirushwa kutokea Lebanon kuelekea Bar'am. Askari mmoja wa IDF alijeruhiwa vibaya sana na wengine wawili walipata majeraha kiasi. IDF ikajibu kwa mashambulio kadha ya anga kusini mwa Lebanoni, baadhi ya mashambulizi yakiwalenga wanamgambo wengine waliokuwa wakijiandaa kushambulia.[108]

IDF ikashambulia maeneo mawili walimokuwamo wanajeshi wa Syria mnamo tarehe 24 Oktoba huko kusini magharibi mwa Syria, ikiwa ni mara ya kwanza ya IDF kufanya shambulio la wazi dhidi ya jeshi la Syria tangia kuanza kwa vita vya Gaza.[109]

Hezbollah ikayashambulia maeneo 19 yenye askari wa IDF kwa kutumia makombora na mizinga. [110] na kushambulia kwa droni za matumizi ya mara moja [ ziendapo na kushambulia nazo huteketea] dhidi ya eneo walimokuwamo IDF kwa mara ya kwanza tangia kuanza kwa mgogoro huo.[111]

November 2023

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Wafuasi wa Hezbollah wakihudhuria mkutano wa hotuba ya Hassan Nasrallah jijini Beirut, 3 Novemba 2023

Katika hotuba yake ya kwanza tangu kuanza kwa vita vya Gaza, iliyokuwa ikisubiriwa kwa hamu, aliyoitoa tarehe 3 Novemba, kiongozi wa Hezbollah Hassan Nasrallah alisema uwepo wa meli kubwa ya kubebea zana za kivita ya Marekani katika ukanda wa Mediterania, "haututishi".[112][113]

Mnamo Novemba 5, Hezbollah iliiangusha droni ya Israeli aina ya Elbit Hermes 450 kutoka kwenye anga la Nabatieh,[114] huku mabaki ya droni hiyo yakiziangukia nyumba za miji ya Zabdin na Harouf.[115] Raia mmoja wa Israeli aliuawa.[116]

Watu wanne waliripotiwa kujeruhiwa baada ya mashambulizi ya mabomu ya Israeli kuyalipua magari mawili ya wagonjwa.[117] Baadae, shambulio la anga la Israeli liliyalipua magari mawili ya raia huko Lebanon kwenye eneo la kati baina ya miji ya Aynata na Aitaroun, na kuua mwanamke mmoja, wajukuu wake watatu wa umri kati ya miaka 10 na 14, kadhalika kumjeruhi vibaya binti yake.[118] Kujibu, Hezbollah ikaishambulia Kiryat Shmona,[119] na kumuua raia mmoja wa Israeli.[120]

Brigedi za Al-Qassam zikachukua jukumu la kurusha maguruneti 16 kutokea Lebanoni yakilengwa kwenye maeneo ya kusini mwa Haifa.[121] Wakati huohuo, Israel ikaripoti kuwa maguruneti yapatayo 30 yamekuwa yakirushwa ambapo IDF ilijibu mapigo kwa kuvilenga vyanzo vya mashambulizi . Hezbollah na brigedi za Al-Qassam pia walifanya mashambulio wakirusha makombora yaliyovuka mpaka hadi juu ya ardhi ya Israel kaskazini[110] Kamanda mkuu msaidizi wa Hezbollah Naim Qassem alisema kwamba kundi lake litalazimika kuingia kwenye mgogoro mpana zaidi kutokana na mashambulizi ya Israeli huko Gaza.[122]

Mnamo tarehe 10 Novemba, Hezbollah iliishambulia kambi ya IDF kwa makombora ya kushambulia vifaru huko Manara ambako askari watatu walijeruhiwa. Nayo IDF ikashambulia maeneo yalikotokea mashambulizi hayo.[123] Hezbollah ikafanya mashambulizi matatu ya droni kaskazini mwa Israeli ilizilenga sehemu waliko IDF na raia.[124] Droni moja ilidunguliwa na nyingine mbili zilifanikiwa kupenya na kushambulia Israeli.[125] Wapiganaji saba wa Hezbollah waliuwawa kwenye makabiliano hayo. IDF iliishambulia Meiss Ej Jabal Hospital Kwa mizinga na kumjeruhi daktari mmoja. Wizara ya Afya ya Umma ya Lebanon ilililaani shambulio hilo, ikisema kuwa "Mamlaka za Israeli zinawajibika kikamilifu na tukio hilo lisilo la kibinadamu, ambalo lingeweza kuzaa janga kubwa", na ikataka uchunguzi ufanyike.[126]

Vuguvugu la Amal, lenye ushirika na Hezbollah, lilitangaza kuwa kuna mpiganaji aliyeuwawa kwa shambulio la kombora kwenye kijiji Rab El Thalathine, ambapo wapiganaji wengine wawili walijeruhiwa. Hilo lilitokea mnamo tarehe 11 Novemba.[127] Hao walikuwa majeruhi wa mwanzo kabisa upande wa Hezbollah tangia wajiunge na mapigano hayo.[128]

Mnamo tarehe 12 Novemba, makombora ya kushambulia vifaru na mizinga ya kushambulia maadui ya Hezbollah vilimuua mfanyakazi wa Shirika la Umeme la Israel ambaye alikuwa akifanya kazi ya matengenezo, wa kadhalika kujeruhi Waisraeli wengine 21, ikiwa ni pamoja na maaskari 7 wa IDF na watu wengine 6 waliokuwa nao.[129][130] Hali kadhalika, Hezbollah walilishambulia tingatinga la IDF katika shambulio lingine tofauti. IDF ikasema ilifanya shambulio la droni dhidi ya kikundi kazi cha adui kilichojaribu kufyatua makombora ya kushambulia vifaru wakiwa karibu na Metula.[131] Katika makabiliano mengine, mpiganaji mmoja wa Hezbollah aliuwawa.[83]

Kufuatia shambulio la Hezbollah la tarehe 13 Novemba, IDF ilijibu kwa mashambulizi makali kwenye maeneo yote ya kusini mwa Lebanoni ambayo yaliripotiwa kuua watu wawili, taarifa anbazo zilitolewa na shirika rafiki kwa mshirika wa Hezbollah, Vuguvugu la Amal.[132] Wapiganaji wasiotambulika walifyatua makombora ya kushambulia vifaru yaliyoboreshewa ulengaji shabaha na kuwajeruhi Waisraeli wawili karibu na Netu'a.[133] Guruneti la Israeli lilidondokea karibu na waandishi wa habari huko Yaroun, Lebanon, hakuna majeruhi walioripotiwa.[134] Hezbollah ilililaani shambulio hilo, ambalo lilitokea wakati waandishi hao walikuwa wakiutembelea mji huo.[135]

Mnamo tarehe 16 Novemba, Hezbollah ilifanya mashambulizi manane dhidi ya vifaru vya majeshi ya Israeli na miundombinu yao ya kijeshi.[136] Muda wa mchana, Hezbollah ilifanya mashambulizi mengi sana dhidi ya miji iliyo karibu na mpaka na kuvilenga vikosi vilivyokuwepo Shtula na Hadab Yaron.[137][138] IDF ikajibu vikali kwa kuishambulia Lebanon ya kusini na ndege za kivita za Israeli ziliziangusha makombora walimokuwamo Hezbollah.[139] Hezbollah wakatangaza kuwa wapiganaji wake wawili wameuawa.[140]

Siku nne baadae, kambi ya IDF ya Biranit iliharibiwa vibaya kutokana na mvua ya maguruneti aina ya Burkan ya Hezbollah.[141] Ndege za kivita za IDF ikayalipua maeneo mengi walimokuwamo Hezbollah, na maaskari wake walilivuruga kabisa ficho la wapiganaji wa Hezbollah karibu na Metula.[142] Kanisa kongwe la kihistoria la Mt. George liliharibiwa vibaya huko Yaroun baada ya kulipuliwa na IDF.[143] Nyumba ya mbunge wa Vuguvugu la Amal, Kabalan Kabalan, pia iliharibiwa na shambulio la guruneti.[144] Hezbollah ikadai kuwa imefanya shambulio dhidi ya kambi ya IDF ya Division ya 91 huko Baranit.[83]

Mnamo tarehe 21 Novemba, shambulio la anga la IDF huko Kafr Kila, Lebanon, lilimuua mama mmoja wa makamo na mjukuu wake.[145] Kundi lingine la waandishi wa habari lilishambuliwa kwa makusudi na IDF karibu na Tayr Harfa ambapo watu watatu waliuwawa, ikiwa ni pamoja na waandishi wa habari 2 wa Al Mayadeen, mwakilishi wa kituo cha habari na mpiga picha habari, pamoja na mwongoza wageni.[146] Kisha, siku hiyo hiyo, wapiganaji wanne wa Brigedi ya Al-Qassam waliuwawa na shambulio la IDF kwenye gari lao karibu na Chaaitiyeh.[147] Mpiganaji mwingine wa Hezbollah aliuwawa kwenye shambulio jingine tofauti huko Khiam.[148]

Kusimamishwa mapigano

hariri

Hezbollah iliiambia Al Jazeera kuwa itayaheshimu makubaliano ya muda ya kusimamishwa kwa mapambano ya mwaka 2023 kati ya Israel na Hamas.[149]

Baada ya makubaliano ya muda ya kusimamishwa kwa mapambano baina ya Israeli na Hamas ya Novemba 24 ,2023, Hezbollah iliacha kufanya harakati za kijeshi angalau kwa muda, jambo lililoifanya IDF nayo kuacha kuishambulia Lebanon ya kusini.[150] Raia wengi walioyakimbia makazi yao walirejea majumbani mwao kwenye kipindi hicho shwari.[151] Hata hivyo, katika kipindi hicho cha amani, Hezbollah ikadai imetekeleza mashambulizi 23 mengine kaskazini mwa Israel.[152]

Kitengo cha patroo cha Jeshi la kikanda la Umoja wa Mataifa la kulinda amani kwenye ukanda huo, UNIFIL, kilishambuliwa kwa bunduki na IDF karibu sana na Aitaroun lakini hakuna aliyedhurika. UNIFIL ilililaani tukio hilo na kutoa wito kwa pande zinazozozana kukumbushwa "wajibu wao wa kuwakinga waangalizi wa amani na kutowaweka waangalizi hao wake kwa waume kwenye hatari."[153]

Marejeo

hariri
  1. ↑ Goldenberg, Tia; Shurafa, Wafaa (8 Oktoba 2023). "Hezbollah and Israel exchange fire as Israeli soldiers battle Hamas on second day of surprise attack". Associated Press (kwa Kiingereza). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Agosti 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  2. ↑ "Israel, Hezbollah exchange artillery, rocket fire", Reuters, 8 October 2023. (en) 
  3. ↑ "Israel, Hezbollah exchange artillery, rocket fire". reuters.com. Reuters. Iliwekwa mnamo 22 Machi 2024. Hezbollah on Sunday said it had launched guided rockets and artillery onto three posts in the Shebaa Farms 'in solidarity' with the Palestinian people.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  4. ↑ "Around one million Lebanese displaced by Israeli attacks, official says", 2024-09-28. (en) 
  5. ↑ "110,099 displaced from southern Lebanon since Oct. 8, 2023". L'Orient Today. 2024-08-19. Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-08-19.
  6. ↑ "Mapping 11 months of Israel-Lebanon cross-border attacks", Al Jazeera, 11 September 2024. 
  7. ↑ "How Israel and Hezbollah Are Slipping Closer to All-Out War", Bloomberg News, 2024-09-28. (en) 
  8. ↑ "Implementation of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006) during the period from 21 June to 20 October 2023 - Report of the Secretary-General (S/2024/222) [EN/AR/RU/ZH] - Lebanon". reliefweb.int (kwa Kiingereza). 19 Machi 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Aprili 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  9. ↑ "Live updates: Thousands flee homes in Lebanon as toll from Israeli strikes rises to 558, officials say", 2024-09-24. (en) 
  10. ↑ "Hezbollah confirms its leader Hassan Nasrallah was killed in an Israeli airstrike". Associated Press (kwa Kiingereza). 2024-09-28. Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-09-28.
  11. ↑ Lex Harvey; Sana Noor Haq; Antoinette Radford; Elise Hammond; Aditi Sangal (2024-09-30). "Live updates: Hezbollah leader's killing escalates war with Israel". CNN (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-09-30.
  12. ↑ "Israeli Special Forces Launch Raids Into Lebanon Ahead of Expected Ground Incursion". The Wall Street Journal. 30 Septemba 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  13. ↑ "Live updates: Israeli ground operation in Lebanon appears to have begun, U.S. officials say". NBC News (kwa Kiingereza). 2024-09-30. Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-09-30.
  14. ↑ "Israeli military says 'limited' operation against Hezbollah targets in southern Lebanon has begun". Associated Press (kwa Kiingereza). 2024-09-30. Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-09-30.
  15. ↑ "Israeli forces have carried out raids in Lebanon for months, military says", Reuters, 1 October 2024. 
  16. ↑ "Who are Hezbollah?", BBC, 4 July 2010. 
  17. ↑ "Hizbollah promises Israel a blood-filled new year, Iran calls for Israel's end", The Brunswickan Online. Retrieved on 2024-10-05. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25.  (Student newspaper)
  18. ↑ Kigezo:Cite magazine
  19. ↑ United Nations Document A/54/723 S/2000/55, citing Al Hayyat, 30 October 1999 Letter dated 25 January 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General Archived 10 Machi 2007 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 17 August 2006
  20. ↑ Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada Listed Entities – Hizballah Archived 19 Novemba 2006 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 31 July 2006
  21. ↑ Sheikh Hassan Izz al-Din, Hezbollah media relations director, said, "[T]he Jews need to leave." Avi Jovisch, Beacon of Hatred: Inside Hizballah's Al-Manar Television (Washington, D.C.: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2004), pp. 62–90. qtd. by Wistrich, A Lethal Obsession, p. 774
  22. ↑ "Civilians under Assault: Hezbollah's Rocket Attacks on Israel in the 2006 War: Hezbollah's Justifications for Attacks on Civilian Areas". Human Rights Watch. Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-09-23.
  23. ↑ "Jordan - Middle East, 1967-Civil War". Britannica (kwa Kiingereza). 2024-09-24. Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-09-24.
  24. ↑ Jawhar, Souhayb (Oktoba 17, 2022). "Lebanon: New Strategic Base for Hamas". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 12 Septemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Desemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  25. ↑ Mroue, Bassem (2023-07-14). "Growing tensions over Israel-Lebanon border village fuel fears of more violence". Los Angeles Times (kwa American English). Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-10-01.
  26. ↑ "Fears of split in Israeli-Lebanon border village", BBC News, 2010-11-17. (en-GB) 
  27. ↑ "UN report says IDF tank fire killed 'clearly identifiable' reporter". The Jerusalem Post (kwa Kiingereza). 13 Machi 2024. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 16 Septemba 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Septemba 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  28. ↑ "'Flagrant violation': Danny Danon demands UNSC condemn Hezbollah, enforce resolution 1701". The Jerusalem Post (kwa Kiingereza). 26 Agosti 2024. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 23 Septemba 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Septemba 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Implementation of Security Council resolution 1701 (2006) during the period from 21 February to 20 June 2023" (PDF). UN Security Council Resolutions. 13 Julai 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  30. ↑ Dagres, Holly (2024-03-01). "As fighting along the Lebanon-Israel border escalates, diplomats scramble to head off a war". Atlantic Council (kwa American English). Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-10-01.
  31. ↑ "Lebanon FM calls for implementation of Resolution 1701 to end Israel-Hezbollah tensions". Times of Israel. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  32. ↑ "Senior UN diplomat says Hizbullah violating terms of cease-fire". The Jerusalem Post (kwa Kiingereza). 2009-07-23. Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-09-26.
  33. ↑ "What is the 2006 UN resolution that some hope could help to end the Israel-Hezbollah conflict?". Associated Press (kwa Kiingereza). 2024-09-26. Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-10-01.
  34. ↑ "Lebanese environmental group accused of being Hezbollah arm". Associated Press (kwa Kiingereza). 2023-01-25. Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-10-01.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Jones, Seth G.; Byman, Daniel; Palmer, Alexander; McCabe, Riley (2024-03-21). "The Coming Conflict with Hezbollah". CSIS Briefs (kwa Kiingereza). Center for Strategic & International Studies.
  36. ↑ "Moves at a small border village hike Israel-Hezbollah tensions at a time of regional jitters". Associated Press (kwa Kiingereza). 2023-07-14. Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-10-01.
  37. ↑ "Why is there a disputed border between Lebanon and Israel?". Al Jazeera (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-10-01.
  38. ↑ Taleb, Wael (2023-07-07). "About Ghajar, the disputed village occupied by Israel". L'Orient Today.
  39. ↑ "Security Council Extends Unifil Mandate for Six Months, to 31 January 2002". United Nations Information Service Vienna. 1 Agosti 2001. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2004-11-20. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 Machi 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  40. ↑ "UN Questions Usefulness of Peacekeepers". Global Policy Forum. Christian Science Monitor. 2002-07-30. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 Machi 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  41. ↑ "UN to Israel: stop Lebanon airspace violations". Middle East Online. 2007-11-30. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 14 Julai 2011. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 Machi 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  42. ↑ "Israel flew in Lebanese airspace over 22,000 times in last 15 years - study". The Jerusalem Post (kwa Kiingereza). 2022-06-12. Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-09-26.
  43. ↑ Chulov, Martin. "Huge scale and impact of Israeli incursions over Lebanon skies revealed", The Guardian, 2022-06-09. (en-GB) 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Israel says more than 30 rockets fired from southern Lebanon". Al Jazeera (kwa Kiingereza). 6 Aprili 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 6 Aprili 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 6 Aprili 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 "Dozens of rockets fired from Lebanon into Israel after raids on al-Aqsa mosque", CNN, 6 April 2023. 
  46. ↑ "Lebanese lawmaker leads group across Israeli border; IDF fires warning shots", Times of Israel, 15 July 2023. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Hezbollah fires on Israel after several members killed in shelling", Al Jazeera, Al-Jazeera. (en) 
  48. ↑ "Violence escalates between Israel and Lebanon's Hezbollah amid Gaza assault". Al Jazeera (kwa Kiingereza). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 26 Septemba 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 2024-09-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  49. ↑ "Mapping 10,000 cross-border attacks between Israel and Lebanon". Al Jazeera. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 26 Septemba 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Septemba 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  50. ↑ "Israeli strikes in Lebanon kill three including Hezbollah commander, sources say". Reuters. 16 Aprili 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  51. ↑ "Lebanon: Flash Update #25 – Escalation of hostilities in South Lebanon, as of 23 August 2024 – Lebanon". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (kwa Kiingereza). 27 Agosti 2024. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 23 Septemba 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 27 Agosti 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  52. ↑ Keller-Lynn, Carrie. "Deadly Rocket Strike on Soccer Field Raises Risk of Escalation with Hezbollah", The Wall Street Journal, 27 July 2024. 
  53. ↑ "Mapping 11 months of Israel-Lebanon cross-border attacks", Al Jazeera, 11 September 2024. 
  54. ↑ Beaumont, Peter. "Hezbollah launches barrage of rockets and drones towards Israel", The Guardian, 21 August 2024. (en-GB) 
  55. ↑ "The Hezbollah pager attacks prove that Israel has no strategy for peace". The Independent (kwa Kiingereza). 19 Septemba 2024. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 20 Septemba 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Septemba 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  56. ↑ "'Flagrant violation': Danny Danon demands UNSC condemn Hezbollah, enforce resolution 1701". The Jerusalem Post (kwa Kiingereza). 26 Agosti 2024. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 24 Septemba 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Septemba 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  57. ↑ "Netanyahu on Hezbollah: We're not waiting for threats, we're pre-empting them". The Jerusalem Post (kwa Kiingereza). 23 Septemba 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Septemba 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  58. ↑ "Lebanon FM fears intensification of Israeli Hezbollah offensive". BBC (kwa Kiingereza (Uingereza)). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 26 Septemba 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Septemba 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  59. ↑ "Bowen: Tactical triumph for Israel, but Hezbollah won't be deterred". BBC (kwa Kiingereza (Uingereza)). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 23 Septemba 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Septemba 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  60. ↑ "Gallant threatens Hezbollah: 'What we can do in Gaza, we can do in Beirut'", The Jerusalem Post, 11 November 2023. 
  61. ↑ "Gallant warns: If Hezbollah isn't deterred, Israel can 'copy-paste' Gaza war to Beirut", The Times of Israel, 8 January 2024. 
  62. ↑ "Gallant's US trip strengthens potential challenge to Israel's Netanyahu", Al Jazeera, 26 June 2024. 
  63. ↑ "Israel, Hezbollah exchange fire raising regional tensions", 8 October 2023. 
  64. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel. "IDF artillery strikes targets in Lebanon as mortar shells fired toward Israel", The Times of Israel, 8 October 2023. 
  65. ↑ "Israel Army Fires Artillery at Lebanon as Hezbollah Claims Attack", Asharq Al-Awsat. (en) 
  66. ↑ "Israel battles Hamas militants as country's death toll from mass incursion reaches 600", Associated Press, 8 October 2023. 
  67. ↑ "Watch: Israeli bombing of Lebanese towns". MTV Lebanon (kwa Kiingereza). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 13 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Israeli military says its troops killed gunmen who infiltrated from Lebanon", Reuters, 9 October 2023. (en) 
  69. ↑ Zitun, Yoav. "IDF strikes in Lebanon following terrorist infiltration into Israel", Ynetnews, 9 October 2023. (en) 
  70. ↑ "Israeli soldiers and militants killed in confrontation on Lebanon frontier". BBC. 10 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 14 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  71. ↑ "Hezbollah mourns its third member, Ali Hassan Hodroj, due to Israeli aggression". LBCI (kwa Kiingereza). 2023-10-09. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 9 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  72. ↑ Dress, Brad (9 Oktoba 2023). "Hezbollah fires again at Israel, spurring fears of second front". The Hill. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 10 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 9 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  73. ↑ "Palestinians scramble for safety as Israel pounds sealed-off Gaza Strip to punish Hamas". Associated Press (kwa Kiingereza). 11 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 10 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  74. ↑ Oshin, Olafimihan. "Israel withdraws warning of incursion from Lebanon, cites 'human error'", 11 October 2023. 
  75. ↑ "Palestinians scramble for safety as Israel pounds sealed-off Gaza Strip to punish Hamas". Associated Press (kwa Kiingereza). 11 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 10 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  76. ↑ "More than 1,000 killed in Israeli blitz on Gaza Strip". The New Arab (kwa Kiingereza). 11 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 13 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  77. ↑ Oshin, Olafimihan. "Israel withdraws warning of incursion from Lebanon, cites 'human error'", 11 October 2023. 
  78. ↑ "IDF: Interception on Lebanon border appears to be false alarm". The Times of Israel. 11 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 11 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  79. ↑ "Scare in Northern Israel Turned Out to be False Alarm". Anash. 11 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 13 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  80. ↑ "Hezbollah says 'when time comes for any action, we will carry it out'". Reuters. 13 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 13 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 13 Oktoba 2023. We will contribute to the confrontation within our plan... when the time comes for any action, we will carry it out.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  81. ↑ "IDF says blast causes minor section of Lebanon border wall; troops fire artillery in response". The Times of Israel. 13 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 14 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 13 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  82. ↑ "IDF publishes footage of drone strike on Lebanon border infiltrators". The Times of Israel. 14 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 14 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 "Hezbollah says it attacked 5 Israeli outposts in disputed Shebaa Farms area". Khaleej Times (kwa Kiingereza). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 14 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  84. ↑ Atallah, Nada Maucourant; Homsi, Nada (14 Oktoba 2023). "Israel shelling killed two civilians in South Lebanon". The National (kwa Kiingereza). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 15 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 15 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  85. ↑ Khalid, Tuqa (15 Oktoba 2023). "Israel's military strikes Lebanon targets after Hezbollah claims fire on border town". Al Arabiya English. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 15 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 15 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  86. ↑ "Hezbollah claims responsibility for deadly missile attacks on north". The Times of Israel. 15 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 15 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 15 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  87. ↑ "Peacekeeping force UNIFIL says headquarters in south Lebanon hit by a rocket", al-Arabiya, 15 October 2023. 
  88. ↑ "Reuters journalist Issam Abdallah killed by Israeli tank, investigation finds", Reuters, 7 December 2023. (en) 
  89. ↑ Ward, Euan. "A Reuters cameraman is killed and six other journalists are injured near Lebanon's southern border.", The New York Times, 13 October 2023. (en-US) 
  90. ↑ Neumann, Julia. "Pressefreiheit im Israel-Gaza-Krieg: Journalist*innen als Zielscheibe", Die Tageszeitung: taz, 14 October 2023. (de) 
  91. ↑ "Obituary: Reuters' Issam Abdallah covered the world's biggest events with bravery and insight", Reuters, 15 October 2023. (en) 
  92. ↑ "Reuters journalist killed in southern Lebanon by Israeli strike, colleagues say", 14 October 2023. 
  93. ↑ "A Reuters videographer killed in southern Lebanon by Israeli shelling is laid to rest". Associated Press. 14 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 9 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 "Israeli tank strike killed 'clearly identifiable' Reuters reporter - UN report", Reuters, 14 March 2024. 
  95. ↑ Chehayeb, Kareem. "Amnesty International says Israeli forces wounded Lebanese civilians with white phosphorus", ABC News, October 31, 2023. 
  96. ↑ "Lebanon: Evidence of Israel's unlawful use of white phosphorus in southern Lebanon as cross-border hostilities escalate". Amnesty International. 31 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 31 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  97. ↑ "Israel thwarts infiltration bid from Lebanon, killing four: army", France 24, 17 October 2023. 
  98. ↑ "At least four killed in Lebanon near Israel border, Red Cross says". EFE (kwa American English). 17 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 18 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 17 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  99. ↑ "Clashes erupt again on the Lebanon-Israel border after an anti-tank missile is fired from Lebanon", Associated Press, 17 October 2023. 
  100. ↑ "Lebanon-Israel border clashes escalate, 5 Hezbollah fighters killed", Reuters, 17 October 2023. (en) 
  101. ↑ "Lebanese army says Israel killed member of 'journalist team'". The New Arab (kwa Kiingereza). 20 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 21 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 "Second journalist killed by Israel fire in Lebanon". The New Arab (kwa Kiingereza). 20 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 21 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  103. ↑ "Lebanon army says Israel killed member of 'journalist team'". France 24 (kwa Kiingereza). 19 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 20 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  104. ↑ Template error: argument title is required. 
  105. ↑ "Israel announces evacuation plan for Kiryat Shmona city near Lebanese border", Reuters, 20 October 2024. 
  106. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel. "Anti-tank missile fired at Israeli village on Lebanese border; drone strike hits launchers". The Times of Israel (kwa American English). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 26 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  107. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel. "IDF video shows airstrike against missile squad on Lebanese border". The Times of Israel (kwa American English). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 26 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  108. ↑ Fabian, Emanuel (22 Oktoba 2023). "IDF hits Hezbollah posts in south Lebanon, says soldier seriously hurt in missile attack". The Times of Israel (kwa American English). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 21 Oktoba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Oktoba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  109. ↑ "Iran Update, October 25, 2023". 25 Oktoba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 12 Desemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 12 Desemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 "Iran Update, October 29, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 2 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  111. ↑ "Iran Update, November 2, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 2 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 4 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 6 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  112. ↑ "Lebanon's militant Hezbollah leader threatens escalation with Israel as its war with Hamas rages on". Associated Press (kwa Kiingereza). 3 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 3 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  113. ↑ "Hezbollah chief Hassan Nasrallah makes first speech on Israel-Gaza war", BBC News, 3 November 2023. (en-GB) 
  114. ↑ Khan, Adan (5 Novemba 2023). "Hezbollah shoots down Israeli drone in Nabatieh region". News Nine. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 5 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  115. ↑ "بالفيديو: حطام مسيّرة إسرائيلية في النبطية" [Video: Wreckage of an Israeli drone in Nabatieh]. Nidaal Watan (kwa Kiarabu). 5 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 6 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  116. ↑ "Escalation in the north: Israeli civilian killed by Hezbollah, rockets hit Kiryat Shmona". Allisrael.com (kwa American English). 5 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 5 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  117. ↑ "Four wounded in Israel strike on Lebanon ambulances: rescuers". Macau Business (kwa Kiingereza (Uingereza)). Agence France-Presse. 5 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 5 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  118. ↑ "A woman and 3 children are killed by an Israeli airstrike in south Lebanon, local officials say". ABC News (kwa Kiingereza). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 5 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  119. ↑ "Hezbollah fires rockets at Kiryat Shmona in response to killing of civilians", 5 November 2023. 
  120. ↑ {{Cite AV medi a |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKCG5y7CfeA |title=Israeli govt says Israeli citizen killed in rockets fired by Hezbollah's retaliatory attack |date=6 November 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107113118/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKCG5y7CfeA&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=7 November 2023 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}
  121. ↑ "Hamas Says Launched 16 Rockets From Lebanon At Israel". NDTV. Agence France-Presse. 6 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 6 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 6 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  122. ↑ "Israel-Hamas war: Hezbollah official says group could be forced into wider conflict over Gaza attacks". Sky News (kwa Kiingereza). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 7 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 7 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  123. ↑ "Anti-tank missiles target IDF border outpost, Israeli forces return artillery fire", Ynetnews, 10 November 2023. (en) 
  124. ↑ "Iran Update, November 10, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 10 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 17 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  125. ↑ "4 IDF soldiers seriously wounded by Hezbollah anti-tank missile, drone strike". The Times of Israel. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 11 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  126. ↑ "Israeli missile strike hits hospital in southern Lebanon". Arab News (kwa Kiingereza). 11 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 17 Desemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  127. ↑ "'أمل' تنعى أحد عناصرها... قضى بقصف إسرائيليّ على بلدة رب ثلاثين" ["Amal" mourns one of its members...who was killed by an Israeli bombing on the town of Rab Thilaine]. An-Nahar (kwa Kiarabu). 11 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 11 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  128. ↑ "Second Shia militia group joins clashes on Lebanese border". Roya News (kwa Kiingereza). 11 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 11 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  129. ↑ "IDF hits targets in Lebanon after 21 Israelis wounded by Hezbollah". The Jerusalem Post (kwa American English). 12 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 12 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 12 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  130. ↑ "Israel Power Company Says Worker Killed By Strike From Lebanon". Barron's (kwa American English). Agence France-Presse. 13 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 6 Februari 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 13 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  131. ↑ "Missile fire from Lebanon wounds a utility work crew in northern Israel as the front heats up". Associated Press (kwa Kiingereza). 12 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 12 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 12 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  132. ↑ "Lebanon front with Israel heats up, stoking fears of wider war", Reuters, 13 November 2023. (en) 
  133. ↑ "Iran Update, November 13, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 13 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 21 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  134. ↑ Kigezo:Cite AV media
  135. ↑ "Operation Iron Swords (Updated to 1 p.m., November 14, 2023)". Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. 15 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 15 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 15 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  136. ↑ "Iran Update, November 16, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 16 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 17 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 18 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  137. ↑ "Lebanese army leadership doubts grow after talks fail". Arab News (kwa Kiingereza). 16 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 4 Mei 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 17 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  138. ↑ "Islamic Resistance: We targeted enemy's Hadab Yaroun site and achieved direct hits". National News Agency. 13 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 17 Februari 2024. Iliwekwa mnamo 17 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  139. ↑ ""خطة طوارئ" للأسوأ.. تواصل الاشتباكات على الحدود اللبنانية الإسرائيلية | الحرة" [A “contingency plan” for the worst... Clashes continue on the Lebanese-Israeli border]. Alhurra (kwa Kiarabu). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 16 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 17 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  140. ↑ "Two Hezbollah Fighters Dead Following Shellings in South Lebanon". This is Beirut (kwa American English). 16 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 17 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 17 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  141. ↑ "IDF Base Suffers Heavy Damage Following Hezbollah Rocket Barrage". Atlas (kwa American English). 20 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 20 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  142. ↑ "IDF strikes Hezbollah targets in Lebanon". The Jerusalem Post (kwa American English). 20 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 20 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 21 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  143. ↑ Kigezo:Cite AV media
  144. ↑ "بالفيديو: استهداف منزل نائب في ميس الجبل" [Video: Targeting a deputy’s house in Mays al-Jabal]. IMLebanon (kwa Kiarabu). 20 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 20 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 20 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  145. ↑ Israel strikes south Lebanon, elderly woman killed Archived 21 Novemba 2023 at the Wayback Machine 21 November 2023 via Al Arabiya English
  146. ↑ "Israeli strike kills two reporters, third person in south Lebanon - state media, PM", Reuters, 21 November 2023. (en) 
  147. ↑ "Israeli airstrikes on Lebanon kill 2 journalists of a pan-Arab TV station, 4 Palestinian militants". Khaleej Times (kwa Kiingereza). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 21 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 21 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  148. ↑ "Israeli airstrikes in S. Lebanon kill 9". Xinhua. 21 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 21 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 21 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  149. ↑ "Israel-Hamas ceasefire also applies to southern Lebanon - Hezbollah". The Jerusalem Post (kwa American English). 22 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 22 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 22 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  150. ↑ "Israeli and Hezbollah strikes near Lebanon border have stopped amid Israel-Hamas truce". France 24 (kwa Kiingereza). 26 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 1 Desemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Desemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  151. ↑ "People in southern Lebanon, rushing home amid truce, hope fighting is over", Reuters, 30 November 2023. (en) 
  152. ↑ "Iran Update, November 24, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 24 Novemba 2023. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 25 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  153. ↑ "UNIFIL says Israeli gunfire hit one of its patrols in southern Lebanon | al Arabiya English". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 25 Novemba 2023. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Novemba 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
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