Mapinduzi ya utamaduni

Mapinduzi ya utamaduni ni mageuzi ya haraka katika siasa na jamii nchini China yaliyotokea katika miaka 1966 - 1976 chini ya uongozi wa Mao Zedong, mwenyekiti wa Chama cha Kikomunisti cha China.

Nyuso za sanamu za zamani za Buddha ziliharibiwa wakati wa mapinduzi hayo. Propaganda ilikuwa inasema: "Bomoa ulimwengu wa kale; tengeneza ule mpya" ikimuonesha Mwanamgambo Mwekundu anayevunja kwa nyundo yake msalaba, Buddha na maandishi ya zamani ya Kichina.

Lengo lilikuwa kusafisha ukomunisti kutoka mabaki yoyote ya utamaduni asili wa nchi hiyo pamoja na ubepari, lakini pia kuimarisha uongozi wa Mao katika chama.

Matokeo yalikuwa aina ya ibada kwa Mao, makumbusho mengi kubomolewa, dhuluma za kila namna dhidi ya mamilioni ya wananchi, watu kuhamishwa kwa lazima, nchi kupooza kisiasa pamoja na kuiathiri kiuchumi.

Mapinduzi hayo yaliathiri Ulaya pia na kuchangia fujo za vijana mwaka 1968 n.k.

Marejeo

• "Li Peng, the 'Butcher of Tiananmen,' was 'Ready to Die' to Stop the Student Turmoil". AsiaNews.it. 2003. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
• ALLÈS, ÉLISABETH; CHÉRIF-CHEBBI, LEÏLA; HALFON, CONSTANCE-HÉLÈNE (2003). "Chinese Islam: Unity and Fragmentation" (PDF). Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions. 31 (1). Translated from the French by Anne Evans. Keston Institute: 7–35. ISSN 0963-7494.
• Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. Zhou Enlai: A Political Life. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. ISBN 962-996-280-2. Retrieved on March 12, 2011.
• Chan, A; Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation; University of Washington Press (1985)
• Chen, Jack (1975). Inside the Cultural Revolution. Scribner. ISBN 0-02-524630-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |nopp= (help)
• Clark, Paul (2008). The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87515-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |nopp= (help)
• Ewing, Kent. (2011, June 4). "Mao's Army on the Attack". Asia Times Online. Asia Times Online (Holdings). Retrieved at <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF04Ad01.html Ilihifadhiwa 3 Machi 2016 kwenye Wayback Machine.> on June 16, 2011.
• Fong Tak-ho. (2006, May 19). "Cultural Revolution? What Revolution?" Asia Times Online. Asia Times Online (Holdings). Retrieved at <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HE19Ad01.html Ilihifadhiwa 24 Juni 2011 kwenye Wayback Machine.> on June 15, 2011.
• Gao, Mobo (2008). The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-2780-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |nopp= (help) Retrieved at <http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/EBook/The_Battle_for_Chinas_Past.pdf Ilihifadhiwa 3 Novemba 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine.> on September 2, 2012
• Lee, Hong Yong (1978). The Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03297-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |nopp= (help)
• Richard King, mhr. (2010). Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966-76. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0774815437.
• MacFarquhar, Roderick and Schoenhals, Michael (2006). Mao's Last Revolution. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02332-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |nopp= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Solomon, Richard H. (1971). Mao's Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |nopp= (help)
• Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). The Search for Modern China, New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-97351-4.
• Thurston, Anne F. (1988). Enemies of the People: The Ordeal of Intellectuals in China's Great Cultural Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |nopp= (help)
• Teiwes, Frederick C. & Sun, Warren. (2004). "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era". Pacific Affairs. Vol. 77, No. 2, Summer. 211–235. Retrieved from <http://www.jstor.org/stable/40022499> on March 11, 2011.
• Zhao Ziyang. Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang. Trans & Ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2009. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0

Marejeo mengine

Ya jumla

• Michael Schoenhals, ed., China's Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969: Not a Dinner Party (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. An East Gate Reader). xix, 400p. ISBN 1-56324-736-4.
• Richard Curt Kraus. The Cultural Revolution: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, Very Short Introductions Series, 2012. xiv, 138p. ISBN 9780199740550.
• MacFarquhar, Roderick and Schoenhals, Michael. Mao's Last Revolution. Harvard University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-674-02332-3
• Jiaqi Yan, Gao Gao (1996). Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution (tol. la 1st). University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0824816957.
• Morning Sun, "Bibliography," Morningsun.org Books and articles of General Readings and Selected Personal Narratives on the Cultural Revolution.

Mada maalumu

• Richard King, mhr. (2010). Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966-76. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0774815437.
• Andreas, Joel (2009). Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China's New Class. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Chan, Anita. 1985. Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
• Leese, Daniel (2011). Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in the Cultural Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Zheng Yi. Scarlet Memorial: Tales Of Cannibalism In Modern China. Westview Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8133-2616-8
• Yang, Guobin. 2000. China's Red Guard Generation: The Ritual Process of Identity Transformation, 1966–1999. PhD diss., New York University.
• Fox Butterfield, China: Alive in the Bitter Sea, (1982, revised 2000), ISBN 0-553-34219-3, an oral history of some Chinese people's experience during the Cultural Revolution.
• Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon. Mao: The Unknown Story. Jonathan Cape, London, 2005. ISBN 0-224-07126-2
• Xing Lu (2004). Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1570035432.
• Ross Terrill,The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong Stanford University Press, 1984 ISBN 0-8047-2922-0; rpr. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992 ISBN 0-671-74484-4.
• Wu, Yiching (2014). The Cultural Revolution at the Margins: Chinese Socialism in Crisis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Ufafanuzi

• Simon Leys (penname of Pierre Ryckmans) Broken Images: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics (1979). ISBN 0-8052-8069-3
• Simon Leys. Chinese Shadows (1978). ISBN 0-670-21918-5; ISBN 0-14-004787-5.
• Simon Leys. The Burning Forest: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics (1986). ISBN 0-03-005063-4; ISBN 0-586-08630-7; ISBN 0-8050-0350-9; ISBN 0-8050-0242-1.
• Simon Leys. The Chairman's New Clothes: Mao and the Cultural Revolution (1977; revised 1981). ISBN 0-85031-208-6; ISBN 0-8052-8080-4; ISBN 0-312-12791-X; ISBN 0-85031-209-4; ISBN 0-85031-435-6 (revised ed.).
• Liu, Guokai. 1987. A Brief Analysis of the Cultural Revolution. edited by Anita Chan. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.

Katika fasihi

• Sijie Dai, translated by Ina Rilke, Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress (New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 2001). 197p. ISBN 0-375-41309-X
• Xingjian Gao, translated by Mabel Lee, One Man's Bible: A Novel (New York: HarperCollins, 2002). 450p.
• Hua Gu, A Small Town Called Hibiscus (Beijing, China: Chinese Literature: distributed by China Publications Centre, 1st, 1983. Panda Books). Translated by Gladys Yang. 260p. Reprinted: San Francisco: China Books.
• Hua Yu, To Live: A Novel (New York: Anchor Books, 2003). Translated by Michael Berry. 250p.
• Ying Chang Compestine, Revolution Is Not a Dinner Party : A Novel. (New York: Holt, 2007). ISBN 0805082077. Young adult novel.

Kumbukumbu za wahusika

• Liu Ping, My Chinese Dream - From Red Guard to CEO (San Francisco, June 2012). 556 pages ISBN 9780835100403
• Nien Cheng, Life and Death in Shanghai (Grove, May 1987). 547 pages ISBN 0-394-55548-1
• Jung Chang, Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991). 524 p. Kigezo:LCCN/prepare
• Heng Liang Judith Shapiro, Son of the Revolution (New York: Knopf : Distributed by Random House, 1983).
• Yuan Gao, with Judith Polumbaum, Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987).
• Jiang Yang Chu translated and annotated by Djang Chu, Six Chapters of Life in a Cadre School: Memoirs from China's Cultural Revolution [Translation of Ganxiao Liu Ji] (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986).
• Bo Ma, Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (New York: Viking, 1995). Translated by Howard Goldblatt.
• Guanlong Cao, The Attic: Memoir of a Chinese Landlord's Son (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
• Ji-li Jiang, Red Scarf Girl: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution (New York: HarperCollins, 1997).
• Anchee Min, Red Azalea (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994). ISBN 1-4000-9698-7.
• Rae Yang, Spider Eaters : A Memoir (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
• Weili Ye, Xiaodong Ma, Growing up in the People's Republic: Conversations between Two Daughters of China's Revolution (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
• Lijia Zhang, "Socialism Is Great": A Worker's Memoir of the New China (New York: Atlas & Co, Distributed by Norton, 2007).
• Emily Wu, Feather in the Storm (Pantheon, 2006). ISBN 978-0-375-42428-1.
• Xinran Xue, The Good Women of China: Hidden Voices (Chatto & Windus, 2002). Translated by Esther Tyldesley. ISBN 0-7011-7345-9
• Ting-Xing Ye, Leaf In A Bitter Wind (England, Bantam Books, 2000)
• Zhang Xianliang, Grass Soup, ISBN 0-7493-9774-8

Viungo vya nje

• Encyclopædia Britannica. The Cultural Revolution
• History of The Cultural Revolution Ilihifadhiwa 29 Aprili 2007 kwenye Wayback Machine.
• Chinese propaganda posters gallery (Cultural Revolution, Mao, and others)
• Hua Guofeng's speech to the 11th Party Congress, 1977
• Morning Sun – A Film and Website about Cultural Revolution and the photographs of the subject available from the film's site.
• Memorial for Victims of the Chinese Cultural Revolution
• "William Hinton on the Cultural Revolution" by Dave Pugh
• "Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966" by Youqin Wang
• A Tale of Red Guards and Cannibals by Nicholas D. Kristof. The New York Times, January 6, 1993.

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya kihistoria bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Mapinduzi ya utamaduni kama enzi zake au matokeo yake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.